OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the effect of stroke efficacy and bleeding risk of edoxaban versus warfarin in the prevention of patients with atrial fibrillation,and provide evidence-based reference for clinical treatment. METHODS:Re-trieved from Cochrane Library,Medline,EMBase,CJFD,Wangfang Database and VIP Database,randomized controlled trials (RCT)about the stroke efficacy and bleeding risk of edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation were collected. Me-ta-analysis was performed for the incidences of stoke and excessive hemorrhage by using Rev Man 5.3 software after data extract. RESULTS:Totally 13 RCTs were included,involving 24 950 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed,compared with warfarin group,there were no significant differences in the incidences of stoke [RR=0.97,95%CI(0.88,1.08),P=0.60] and excessive hem-orrhage [RR=0.84,95%CI(0.59,1.19),P=0.33] in edoxaban group. But the subgroup analysis showed,when daily dose of edoxa-ban was more than 30 mg,the incidence of stroke in edoxaban group was significantly lower than warfarin group [RR=0.84,95%CI(0.72,0.97),P=0.02];when it was 30 mg,the incidence of excessive bleeding in edoxaban group was significantly lower than warfarin group [RR=0.46,95%CI(0.35,0.61),P<0.001],the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS:Compared with warfarin,higher doses(>30 mg/d)of edoxaban can more effectively prevent the occurrence of stroke and low doses(30 mg/d) can reduce the risk of excessive bleeding.

OBJECTIVE:To clarify the responsibilities of drug clinical trial institution and ethics committee in China,and to provide reference for the improvement of drug clinical trial management. METHODS:The responsibility conflicts between drug clinical trial institution and ethics committee were summarized,and its reasons were analyzed to provide suggestions. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:The responsibility conflicts have been found between drug clinical trial institution and ethics committee,mainly manifesting as the essential person who submits protocol is not clear;the responsibilities in multicenter ethics investigation are con-troversial;the management of their track issues are not connected enough. 3 aspects of measures can be adopted,including reach-ing an agreement of responsibility assignment learning from foreign advanced ideas,improving laws and regulations;enhancing the management,promoting the implementation of policy and agreement. So,the responsibilities of drug clinical trial institution and ethics committee can be further clarified to improve the management of drug clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE:A HPCE method for determination of paeoniflorin in Bazhen pills and Bazhen Yimu pills was developed METHODS:Measurements were carried out in a buffer solution containing 50mmol/L borax solution (pH 10 6),at detection wavelength 230nm with 20KV running voltage applied to a 50cm?50?m capillary RESULTS:The linear range of paeoniflorin was in the range of 0 0 625～1 0mg/ml(r=0 9 995),RSD within days was 1 61%,RSD between days was 3 15% The recovery of paeoniflorin was 98 19%～98 45% The results of detection for Bazhen pills and Bazhen Yimu pills were highly correlated to those obtained by HPLC CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid,economical and accurate

Objective To optimize the extracting process of alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera leaves by multi-stage countercurrent extraction.Methods The spectrophotometry was used to determine the alkaloids.The extracting process of alkaloid was optimized by L16(44) to observe the effect of extraction time,extraction temperature,solid to liquid ratio,and ethanol concentration,respectively.Results The optimum extraction parameters were extraction time 25 min,extraction temperation 90 ℃,solid to liquid ratio 1∶50,and ethanol concentration 70%.Conclusion The multi-stage countercurrent extraction is used to the extracting process of alkaloid from N.nucifera leaves.

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of amoxicillin/sulbactam in the treatment of bacterial infections METHODS:Fifty-six patients were divided into two groups:amoxicillin/sulbactam group(30 patients) and ampicillin/sulbactam group(26 patients) The test and control groups received amoxicillin/sulbactam and ampicillin/sulbactam 3g,iv,q8h for (8?2)d,respectively RESULTS:The overall effective rates of amoxicillin/sulbactam and ampicillin/sulbactam were 93% and 73%,the bacterial clearance rates were 92% and 83% and the ADRs were 6% and 11%,respectively CONCLUSION:Amoxicillin/sulbactam is a safe and potent antibacterial agent in the treatment of the bacterial infections

OBJECTIVE:A HPCE method for determination of Quercetin in acanthopanax and acanthopanax injection was developed.METHODS:Measurements were carried out in a buffer solution containing 50mmol/L boric acid solution and 50mmol/L SDS(pH 8.5),at 20kV running voltage applied to a 50cm?50?m capillary.The detection wavelength was 260nm.RESULTS:The linear range of quercetin was 0.0 125～1.0mg/ml.The recovery of acanthopanax was (98.99?0.63)%.The recovery of acanthopanax injection was (98.62?0.42)%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid,accurate and suitable for determination of quercetin in acanthopanax and acanthopanax injection.

Objective To observe the inhibitory effect of Tirofiban on different shear-induced platelet aggregation, and to provide medication suggestions for the treatment of thrombosis in different hemodynamic environment. Methods Polydimethylsiloxane ( PDMS)-glass microchannel chips were fabricated by soft lithography. The whole blood of healthy volunteers anticoagulated with sodium citrate was collected and incubated with different concentrations of Tirofiban in vitro. The blood flowed through the straight microchannel or channel with 80% narrow for 150 seconds at the speed of 11 μL/ min and 52 μL/ min, respectively. The wall shear stress rates in straight channel at 11 μL/ min and 52 μL/ min were 300 s-1 and 1 500 s-1, respectively. The maximum wall shear rates in the channel with 80% occlusion at 11 μL/ min and 52 μL/ min were 1 600 s-1 and 7 500 s-1, respectively. The adhesion and aggregation images of fluorescent labeled platelets on glass surface were photographed with the microscope, and the fluorescent images were analyzed with Image J. The platelet surface coverage ratio was used as a quantitative index of platelet aggregation behavior, and the IC50 of Tirofiban for platelet inhibition was calculated under different shear rates. Flow cytometry was used to detect the platelet activation index (CD62P, PAC-1) in the whole blood at 52 μL/ min in channel with 80% occlusion. Results Tirofiban inhibited platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect was related to the shear rate. Under the shear rates of 11 μL/ min and 52 μL/ min, the aggregation was almost completely inhibited when the concentration in straight channel reached 100 nmol / L. When the concentration in channels with 80% occlusion reached 1 μmol / L, the aggregation was almost completely inhibited. IC50 values at 11 μL/ min and 52 μL/ min in straight channel were 2. 3 nmol / L and 0. 5 nmol / L, respectively. IC50 values at 11 μL/ min and 52 μL/ min in channels with 80% occlusion were 20. 73 nmol / L and 4. 5 nmol / L. Pathologically high shearforce induced an increase in platelet activation, which could be inhibited by Tirofiban. Conclusions Tirofiban can effectively inhibit shear-induced platelet aggregation, and different concentrations of Tirofiban should be given according to the thrombus formed in different shear force environment in clinic practice

OBJECTIVE:To study the reverse effect of Baicalin/Baicalein on antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and its mechanism.METHODS:The synergetic antimicrobial effect of oxacillin and Baicalin/Baicalein against MRSA were detected by plating method,and the synergetic antimicrobial effect of oxacillin and Baicalin/Baicalein on growth density inhibition of MRSA was detected by spectrophotometry.The inhibitory effect of Baicalin/Baicalein on PBP2a synthesis was detected by PBP2a latex agglutination assay kit.RESULTS:The combination of Baicalin/Baicalein with oxacillin showed remarkable synergetic antimicrobial effect on clinical isolated MRSA.16 ?g?mL-1 of Baicalein obviously reversed the strong resistance of MRSA to oxacillin.Baicalin/Baicalein showed remarkable inhibitory effect on PBP2a production in MRSA.CONCLUSION:Baicalin/Baicalein can reverse MRSA's strong resistance to oxacillin by inhibiting PBP2a secretion in MRSA.Theoretically,this phenomenon offers a new approach for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA.

Objective To investigate how the clinical laboratory conducting the verification of analytical measurement range (AM R) of quantitative items detected by the biochemical analyzer according to the requirements of the international standards by verifying the serum creatinine AMR for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of detection results .Methods The enzyme method was adopted to detect the 7‐concentration levels test specimens of CAP linear range proficiency test on the Roche Cobas 501 biochemical analyzer .These 7 specimens target values covered the low ,middle and high values of creatinine AMR marked by the manufacturer′s instructions .Each specimen was detected twice and the mean value was taken ,then the bias between the mean value and target value was calculated .In addition ,referring to the requirements of CLSI guiding document EP6‐P ,the patients′fresh serum contai‐ning high value creatinine was collected ,then mixed with certain proportion and centrifuged .The mixture concentration was calcu‐lated and served as the high value specimen(H) ,and the low value specimen was obtained by the same treatment .Then the high and low value specimens were dispensed with the relations of 5L ,4L+1H ,3L+2H ,2L+3H ,1L+4H and 5H and formed the series specimens .The creatinine levels in each specimen was detected on the Roche Cobas 501 biochemical analyzer ,each specimen was de‐tected 4 times .The obtained data were performed the regression analysis .Results The bias of 7‐level CAP specimen and target val‐ue was less than the allowable error ± 7 .5% [(1/2 × TE)% ] set by the clinical laboratory of the Beijing Sanfine Hopsital .The re‐gression equation of fresh mixed serums from patients was Y =0 .988 6X+16 .614 ,b=0 .988 6 ,between 0 .97 -1 .03 ,intercept a and 0 ,ta < t0 .05 ,P>0 .05 ,which showed no significant difference between intercept and 0 ,the regression line was through 0 point in fact .Conclusion The verification of creatinine AMR marked by the manufacturer′s instructions is passed ,which can be adopted by the clinical laboratory .

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Zuojin gastric-mucoadhesive tablets and evaluate their drug release properties in vitro. METHODS:Zuojin gastric-mucoadhesive tablets were prepared with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15M(HPMC-K15M),car-bomer 934P and HPMC-E50 as the bioadhesive and matrix materials,and basic magnesium carbonate(foaming material),95% al-cohol solution(adhesive)and aerosil(glidant and lubricant)as the adjuvants. With the accumulative release of total alkaloids from Coptis chinensis Franch. at 2,6 and 10 h(Q2 h,Q6 h and Q10 h)as the indexes,orthogonal design test was conducted to optimize the amounts of HPMC-K15M,carbomer 934P,HPMC-E50 and basic magnesium carbonate,and verification was carried out. Drug re-lease properties in vitro of the preparation and Zuojin conventional tablets were observed and in vitro adhesion thereof determined. RESULTS:The optimal formulation was as follows as that for 50 tablets,HPMC-K15M of 0.7 g,carbomer 934P of 0.2 g, HPMC-E50 of 3.5 g and basic magnesium carbonate of 0.4 g. The Q2 h,Q6 h and Q10 h of three batches of prepared samples were 24.32%,56.10% and 77.04% respectively. 1-12 h drug release in vitro of prepared samples was in conformity with Ritger-Peppas equation. The Q2 h of Zuojin conventional tablets and Zuojin gastric-mucoadhesive tablets were 80.46% and 24.04%,Q12 h thereof 92.15% and 95.83% and gastric adhesion thereof 24.2 and 74.0 g/cm2,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Zuojin gastric-mucoadhesive tablets which have sustained-release effect and adhesive property have been prepared successfully.