Objective Based on active monitoring MRSA carriage for hospitalized patients, the relationship between colonization pressure and MRSA cross transmission in wards without rigorous contactisolation measures was analyzed, and the role of colonization pressure in predicting MRSA cross transmission was further evaluated. Methods From March to December 2009, active MRSA colonization screening was performed for 240 hospitalized patients in emergency ward and 94 cases in RICU in our hospital. rep-PCR method was employed to do homology analysis on MRSA strains obtained in this study. MRSA weekly colonization pressure, threshold colonization pressure ,cross transmission rate were calculated respectively. RR of MRSA cross transmission under higher level of colonization pressure and lower level of colonization pressure was analyzed. Results MRSA carriage rates on admission for patients in emergency wards and RICU were 6. 25% (15/2A0) and 13. 83 % (13/94) ,and MRSA cross transmission occurred in 13 weeks and 14 weeks in above two units, respectively. Threshold colonization pressures for above two units were 6. 49%and 17. 66%, respectively. For emergency ward, the MRSA cross transmission rate under higher level of colonization pressure was significantly higher than that under lower level of colonization pressure (x2 = 7. 10,P＜0. 01), the RR of MRSA transmission was 9. 61 (95% CI:1. 25-74.00). For RICU, the MRSA cross transmission rate under higher level of colonization pressure was significantly higher than that under lower level of colonization pressure(x2 = 12. 60, P＜0. 01 ), the RR of MRSA transmission was 15.87 (95% CI:2. 06-122. 10). Conclusions Higher level of colonization pressure is an important risk factor for MRSA transmission, and average colonization pressure can be used as a prediction index for MRSA transmission and strengthening prevention and control measures.

This study is designed to obtain recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (rhAChE) and apply it in screening acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The rhAChE was overexpressed in HEK293 cells transfected by plasmid of pCMV-AChE with the cationic liposome and rhAChE was found to be secreted into cell culture medium. AChE activity was assayed according to modified Ellman method to obtain kinetic parameters. IC so50 values for donepezil compounds of rhAChE were calculated to determine their activities of inhibition. The results showed that Km value was 151.9 micromol.L-1 donepezil inhibited rhAChE in a mixed competitive-noncompetitive way (Ki= 16.03 nmol.L-1, Ki = 18.36 nmol.L-1) and that most new compounds tested exhibited high activities of inhibition on rhAChE. The study suggests that rhAChE is available to be applied in screening AChE inhibitors in vitro.
Acetylcholinesterase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; analysis ; pharmacology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Indans ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Kinetics ; Piperidines ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection

Abdominal Pain/etiology* ; Acute Disease ; Appendicitis/diagnosis* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis/diagnosis* ; Diagnostic Errors/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Insulin

Angioplasty ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Popliteal Artery ; pathology ; surgery ; Vascular Diseases ; surgery ; therapy

Objective To explore the feasibility of iodized Nang(bread) prepared with iodized salt and non-iodized rock salt as vehicle of iodine. Methods Two kinds of Nang, each of 10 respectively, were grilled with 30 g iodized salt water and non-iodized rock salt water mixed with 2 kg flour by the local cooker, then put inside of Nang oven using traditional methods of grilled Nang in Xinjiang. The samples were collected from different parts of Nang, including the layers facing oven wall and the fire, as well as inside of Nang. The method for determination of iodine in foodstuff by dry ashing As ~Ⅲ-Ce~(4+) catalytic spectrephotometry was used to determine iodine concentration in Nang. Results Iodine content in iodized and non-iodized Nang was (0.654 ± 0.076)mg/kg and (0.075 ± 0.022)mg/kg, respectively. In addition, Iodine content in two kinds of Nang was significantly different and iodine content of Nang with iodized salt was much higher than that with non-iodized rock salt(t = 13.520, P <0.01 ). Iodine content in two kinds of Nang from the layers facing oven wall and the fire, as well as inside of Nang were (0.700 ± 0.100), (0.064 ± 0.029)mg/kg; (0.647 ± 0.076), (0.070 ± 0.019)mg/kg; (0.659 ± 0.073), (0.073 ±0.030)mg/kg, respectively. Iodine content in two kinds of Nang of the same parts was significantly different(t =3.826,4.201,4.103, all P < 0.01 ). There was no significant difference of iodine content in different parts of the same kind of Nang(F = 0.220,0.190, all P > 0.05). Conclusions Grilled Nang with iodized salt contains sufficient iodine, and the iodine content of the same kind of Nang in different parts has no significant difference. Our studydemonstrated that Nang is a vehicle available for iodine fortification since Nang is very popular food for local population in Xinjiang.

Objective To understand iodine and iron nutritional status of lactating women in Aksu Prefecture of Xinjing Autonomous Region, and to provide proper intervention in control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) combined with iron deficiency. Methods Four townships as survey points were selected in Baicheng County of Aksu, where severe iodine deficiency was confirmed, 30 to 40 lactating women were investigated for this study in each townships. Samples of urine and drinking water from their family were collected, and then the iodine concentrations were determined. Whole blood was collected by venipuncture for determinations on serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI), total-iron-binding capacity(TIBC), and their thyroid function, including FT3, FT4, TSH. Results Median urinary iodine concentration in 137 lactating women was 134.99 μg/L, however, median urinary iodine in lactating women in Daqiao (99.73 μg/L), Tuokexun(44.17 μg/L) of 4 townships was below 100 μg/L. The proportion of urinary iodine below 50 μg/L was higher than 20% in Chaerqi [21.1% (8/38)], Daqiao [21.4% (6/28)], Tuokexun [47.8% (11/25)]. The medium of iodine concentration in drinking water, that was collected from 78 resident families, was 2.15 μg/L. Lactating women of serum SF, SI, FT4, that lower than the normal value, was accounted for 47.6% (59/124), 16.9%(21/124), 11.8% (15/127)respectively. Lactating women of serum TIBC, TSH, that higher than the normal value, was accounted for 20.2% (25/124),10.2% (13/127). Conclusion There is existence in of the combination severe iodine and iron deficiency in a historical serious IDD endemic area in Aksu Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, and iron deficiency may be another important environmental factor for the deterioration of IDD prevalence.

OBJECTIVETo discuss our experience on the diagnosis and treatment of thoracic aorta rupture (TAR) that is one of the main common causes of death in the victims under blunt chest trauma.

METHODSBetween July 2001 and March 2006, 9 patients (6 men and 3 women, aged from 20 to 54 years) suffering from acute traumatic aorta rupture after motor vehicle accidents received emergent surgical treatments in our hospital. Based on our experience in the rescue of the first TAR patient we introduced a practical procedure on the diagnosis and treatment of TAR in our department. All the other patients generally followed this procedure. Eight patients received contrast material enhanced helical computerized tomography scan before the operation. The leakage of constrast medium from the aorta isthmus was found, and diagnosis of TAR was confirmed. Seven patients underwent immediate operation within 14 hours after accidents. One patient was treated on the 5th day of the accident because of delayed diagnosis of aortic rupture. All patients received general anesthesia with double lumen endotracheal tube and normothermic femoro-femoral partial cardiopulmonary bypass, with beating heart and aortic clamping. One patient received simple repair, and others received partial replacement of thoracic aorta with artificial vascular graft.

RESULTSSeven TAR patients were successfully salvaged. Three patients combined brain injury as well as extremitiy hemiplegia before operation. After treatments one was fully and two partially recovered without paraplegia.

CONCLUSIONSProper practical protocol is emphasized for the surgical repair of TAR because it will reduce the mortality of severe blunt chest injury.

Accidents, Traffic ; Adult ; Aorta, Thoracic ; injuries ; Aortic Rupture ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rupture

Objective To study the diagnostic values of X-ray,CT and MRI for the hip joint lesion of the patient with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods Totally 180 AS patients underwent the examinations of X-ray,CT and MRI from January 2014 to December 2015,and the hip joint lesion,clinical features and the efficacies of the three imaging techniques were observed.Results The rates for positive findings were 69.44％,71.11％ and 72.22％ respectively by X-ray,CT and MRI,and more than 90％ patients had the lesions occurred at the bilateral hip joints simultaneously.Hip joint lesion of AS had the imaging features of bone marrow and joint space changes,which related to the disease progress closely.Early positive signs consisted of medial joint space narrowing by X-ray,rear joint space narrowing by CT as well as bone marrow fat deposition (BMFD) and bone marrow edema (BME) by MRI.Conclusion X ray,CT and MRI all gain their advantages when used to diagnose the hip joint lesion of AS.X-ray behaves well in early diagnosis of medial joint space narrowing,while have disadvantages in displaying soft tissues and minute structures when compared with CT and MRI.CT displays the minute structure of hip joint clearly,and is not so good at soft tissue resolution as MRI.MRI gains the highest resolution for displaying soft tissues in the three techniques,and can show BMFD,BME and etc which can not be revealed by X-ray and CT.

BACKGROUNDFolic acid is very important for embryonic development and dihydrofolate reductase is one of the key enzymes in the process of folic acid performing its biological function. Therefore, the dysfunction of dihydrofolate reductase can inhibit the function of folic acid and finally cause the developmental malformations. In this study, we observed the abnormal cardiac phenotypes in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene knock-down zebrafish embryos, investigated the effect of DHFR on the expression of heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 2 (HAND2) and explored the possible mechanism of DHFR knock-down inducing zebrafish cardiac malformations.

METHODSMorpholino oligonucleotides were microinjected into fertilized eggs to knock down the functions of DHFR or HAND2. Full length of HAND2 mRNA which was transcribed in vitro was microinjected into fertilized eggs to overexpress HAND2. The cardiac morphologies, the heart rates and the ventricular shortening fraction were observed and recorded under the microscope at 48 hours post fertilization. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and real-time PCR were performed to detect HAND2 expression.

RESULTSDHFR or HAND2 knock-down caused the cardiac malformation in zebrafish. The expression of HAND2 was obviously reduced in DHFR knock-down embryos (P < 0.05). Microinjecting HAND2 mRNA into fertilized eggs can induce HAND2 overexpression. HAND2 overexpression rescued the cardiac malformation phenotypes of DHFR knock-down embryos.

CONCLUSIONSDHFR plays a crucial role in cardiac development. The down-regulation of HAND2 caused by DHFR knock-down is the possible mechanism of DHFR knock-down inducing the cardiac malformation.

Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; genetics ; physiology ; Female ; Heart ; embryology ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; etiology ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; physiology ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish Proteins ; genetics ; physiology

BACKGROUNDBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a stress-responsive intercellular messenger modifying hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. The interaction between stress and age in BDNF expression is currently not fully understood. This study was conducted to observe unpredictable stress effect on behavior and BDNF expression in CA3 subfield (CA3) and dentate gyrus of hippocampus in different aged rats.

METHODSForty-eight Wistar rats of two different ages (2 months and 15 months) were randomly assigned to six groups: two control groups and four stress groups. The rats in the stress group received three weeks of unpredictable mild stress. The depression state and the stress level of the animals were determined by sucrose preference test and observation of exploratory behavior in an open field (OF) test. The expressions of BDNF in CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were measured using immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSAge and stress had different effects on the behavior of different aged animals (age: F = 6.173, P < 0.05, stress: F = 6.056, P < 0.05). Stress was the main factor affecting sucrose preference (F = 123.608, P < 0.05). Decreased sucrose preference and suppressed behavior emerged directly following stress, lasting to at least the eighth day after stress in young animals (P < 0.05). The older stress rats showed a lower sucrose preference than young stress rats (P < 0.05). Older control rats behaved differently from the younger control animals in the OF test, spending more time in the central square (P < 0.05), exhibiting fewer vertical movements (P < 0.05) and less grooming (P < 0.05). Following exposure to stress, older-aged rats showed no obvious changes in vertical movement and grooming. This indicates that aged rats were in an unexcited state before the stress period, and responded less to stressful stimuli than younger rats. There was significantly lower BDNF expression in the CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus following stress in both age groups (P < 0.05), a reduction that was still present at the eighth day after stress (P < 0.05). Stress and age were the main factors affecting the expression of BDNF (F = 9.408, P < 0.05; F = 106.303, P < 0.05). The aged stress group showed lower BDNF expression compared to the young stressed group at every testing time point.

CONCLUSIONStress has age-dependent effects on behavioral responses and hippocampal BDNF expression in rats.

Age Factors ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; analysis ; genetics ; Chronic Disease ; Dentate Gyrus ; chemistry ; Exploratory Behavior ; Hippocampus ; chemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Stress, Psychological ; metabolism ; psychology ; Sucrose ; administration & dosage