As a sort of human capital, health is a concrete manifestation of human productivity.At home and abroad, there are many empirical studies focusing on the economic effects of health that have been conducted, but the research methods have not paid enough attention to the endogeneity of health in those studies.This paper evaluates the effects of health on the income of rural residents in China with the micro panel data from China Health and Nutrition Survey.To get reliable results, the paper controls the endogenity of health by using simultaneous equation model and solves the parameters by using the three-stage least squares method.The study found that health has significantly positive effects on the income of rural residents in China, a conclusion which is in conformity with the economic effects of health.To improve the health of rural residents and fully implement the economic effects of health, the study recommends the government to put more efforts on promoting healthcare services, health-related education, and improving the living standards of rural residents in China.

Stone retropulsion during ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a common troublesome problem for most urologists. Stone retropulsion can result in increase in health care cost and increased operative time. With the popularisation of ureteros?copy, additional procedures to treat residual migrated fragments has drawn more and more attention and research. In recent years, many equipment, devices and techniques are designed to resolve this big puzzle. We reviewed the literatures to sum?mary the strategy for preventing stone retropulsion during ureteroscopic lithotripsy.

Dioscin, a typical saponin, is widely present in the family of Dioscoreaceae, Liliaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Rosaceae, especially in Dioscoreaceae, including Discorea nipponica Makino, Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright and Dioscorea panthaica Prain et Burkill. Traditional Chinese medicine reported that dioscin plays a role in expectorant, relaxing the muscles and stimulating the blood circulation, aiding digestion and diuresis. With the development of science and technology in recent years, some new extraction and separation techniques and methods have been applied to the study of dioscin, and more and more pharmacological effects were found. Modern pharmacology studies have confirmed that dioscin had some activities on desensitization, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anti-tumor, hepatoprotection and anti-viral. After oral administration, dioscin is metabolized to diosgenin, which is the true active ingredient and is an important raw material to synthesize steroid hormone drugs. Therefore, the studies on dioscin are valueable and promising. In this review, we make a summary on the researches of dioscin including the extraction technology, separation and prepara- tion, chemical synthesis, drug metabolism, determination and pharmacological researches.
Animals ; Biological Products ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Diosgenin ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Plant Extracts ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; pharmacology

Objective To investigate the protective effect and it's possible mechanism of Tanshinone ⅡA in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.Methods Having the right hemithorax of female Wistar rats irradiated(30?Gy) in 10 fractions within 14 days by 6 ?MV photons,the radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis animal model was established.In the treatment group,sodium Tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate(15?mg/kg) was given by intraperitoneal injection 1 hour before each fraction of irradiation.Five months after irradiation,the difference of the histopathological changes,the hydroxyproline content and expression of TGF-?1 between the radiation alone group,tanshinone plus radiation and control group were analyzed by HE stain,Massion stain,immunohistochemical methor and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) method.Results The histopathological comparison revealed the protective effect of Tanshinone ⅡA.The content of hydroxyproline was(21.99?3.96),((38.25?)(7.18)),(28.94?4.29)??g/g in the control group,radiation alone group and radiation plus Tanshinone ⅡA.The expression of TGF-?1(mRNA and protein) was reduced by Tanshinone ⅡA.Pathological changes of the pulmonary fibrosis was reduced by Tanshinone ⅡA yet.Conclusions Our study shows that Tanshinone ⅡA can inhibit radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis,and the possible mechanism of its may be made possible through down-regulating the expression of TGF-?1 in the irritated lung tissue.

Humans ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; Societies, Medical ; United States

Adolescent ; Asthma ; blood ; drug therapy ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; blood ; Male

Objective To isolate and identificate a specific new gene highly related to human bladder cancer and to investigate the carcinogenesis mechanism and genetic susceptibility. Methods Normal bladder epithelia and cancer tissue collected from 8 cases of primary bladder transitional cell carcinoma were studied using the high performance?sensitive technique of mRNA differential display.The differential fragments were found by comparing with genetic expression. 6 of them were reamplificated?cloned?sequenced,and performed the autoploidy index in the public database of genbank. Results (1)37 differential fragments have been isolated.36 of which are expressed or highly expressed in cancer tissues,but not so or lowly expressed in normal tissues;while it has been expressed in 1 normal tissue but not in the cancer tissue.(2)Results of indexing:1 is homologous to TBX3 (T box gene),autoploidy 99%.1 is homologous to cl.Ca4 gene (member 4 of Calcium activated chloride channel gene family), autoploidy 99%.1 is homologous to Cu,Zn SOD gene (Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase),99%.The remaining fragments are not homologous to unknown sequences in the public database of genbank,assigned as YHHQ1,XHL,LHX. Conclusions (1)It is verified at genetic level the relation between the conment's increasing of Cu,Zn SOD in bladder cancer derived tissue and the occurrence,advance of bladder cancer.(2)The relation between TBX3,cl.Ca4 gene and human carcinoma has been observed.(3)YHHQ1 may be the new candidate of anti oncogene related to bladder cancer.XHL and LHX may be the new candidates of oncogene related to bladder cancer.

Objective To probe into the clinic effect of folded infusion tube which can produce negative pressure on increasing the success rate of infants' scalp venepuncture. Methods 200 infant patients were divided into the control group and the observation group with 100 cases in each group. The control group used routine venepuncture method, while folded infusion tubes are used in the obser-ration group. The end of infusion tubes were folded by 0.5 cm and clamped well. When the needle has been punctured under an infant patient's scalp, the clamp could be loosed so that there was a little neg-ative pressure in the tube. Then the situation of natural revehent blood and success rate of scalp venepuncture were observed in the two groups. Results Rate of natural revehent blood in the control group was 72%, and success rate of scalp venepuncture was 87%. Rate of natural revehent blood in the observation group was 97%, and success rate of scalp venepuncture was 97%. Rate of natural revehent blood and success rate of scalp venepuncture in the observation group were both higher than those of the control group. Conclusions Folded infusion tube can immediately judge whether the needle is punctured inside the blood vessel and effectively increase the success rate of scalp venepuncture.

Antiradiation drugs, also known as radioprotective agents, can prevent humans from radiation injury,reduce the clinical symptoms of radiation sickness,promote early recovery and reduce morbidity or mortality.Early developments of such agents focused on thiol synthetic compounds, such as amifostine (WR 2721).This compound reduced mortality, but its disadvantages, such as large use and high toxicity, limited its use in clinical practice.To find a suitable radioprotective agent is crucial to reducing side effects induced by ionizing radiation and increasing survival rate in patients during radiotherapy.In this paper, the classification and mechanism of radioprotective agents are reviewed and future developments in this field are predicted.