Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of acquired blindness in adults. Long-term exposure to the hyperglycemia of diabetes patients leads to the development of DR. Several studies have provided evidence that good diabetes control is important to prevent DR. However, emerging evidence suggests that genes are a significant contributor to an individual's risk of retinopathy. This evidence is from evaluations of familial aggregation and different incidence of DR in racial and ethnic groups. Some groups of patients develop DR despite good control and some escape retinopathy despite poor control. This suggests that the genes are involved in the susceptibility to DR. Genes suggested as having a role include those encoding aldose reductase, nitric oxide synthase, receptor for advanced glycation end products, angiotensin converting enzyme, vascular endothelial growth factors and pigment epithelium-derived factor. An understanding of the role of susceptibility genes will ultimately allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the role of genetic factors in the etiology and progression of DR.

Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; methods

Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal

Animals ; Autoantigens ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Centromere Protein A ; Chromosomal Instability ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Kinetochores ; metabolism ; Mitosis ; physiology ; Rectal Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Spindle Apparatus ; metabolism

AIM:To compare the influence of anterior chamber maintainer and viscoelastic agent on corneal astigmatism and endothelial cells after phacoemulsification.METHODS:Totally 70 patients(70 eyes) of cataract from April 2013 to April 2015 were randomly divided into the study group and the control group, with 35 cases in each group.The study group were treated with anterior chamber maintainer during phacoemulsification with support system approach, and the control group were treated with phacoemulsification under viscoelastic agent.RESULTS:The age (t=0.215, P=0.831), the density of corneal endothelial cells (t=-0.352, P=0.726) and corneal luminosity (t=-0.162, P=0.872) of two groups had no significant difference before surgery;there were no significant difference in preoperative visual acuity (t=0.463, P=0.599) and visual acuity (t=1.616, P=0.124) at 1mo after operation.And patients in the study group (t=-21.129, P<0.01) and the control group (t=-12.780, P<0.01) before surgery and 1mo postoperative when compared with the naked eye eyesight showed significant difference.The visual acuity after operations improved significantly.There were significant differences of corneal endothelial cells density (t=8.489, P< 0.01) and corneal astigmatism (t=-2.032, P=0.046) in the study group before surgery and 1mo after surgery;corneal endothelial cell density (t=8.999, P<0.01) and corneal astigmatism (t=-2.167, P=0.034) in the control group before surgery and 1mo after surgery also had significant differences.There was no significant difference in the rate of corneal endothelial cell loss between the two groups (t=0.410, P=0.683).CONCLUSION:Compared with viscoelastic agent, anterior chamber maintainer during phacoemulsification in patients with cataract won't increase the damage of postoperative surgically induced astigmatism and corneal endothelial cells, which mean the method of anterior chamber maintainer during phacoemulsification in the treatment of cataract is safe and effective.

AlM:To discuss the application of prism alternate cover test ( PACT) and perimeter strabismometry in strabismic operation.METHODS: A total of 145 patients with concomitant esotropia or exotropia, aging 2 ~ 50 years old, were included. They were examined by PACT and perimeter strabismometry before operation. The strabismic operations were performed, the orthotropia rate of postoperation was assessed.RESULTS:Using PACT and perimeter strabismometry, there was a significantly difference of deviating angle ( P<0. 05) in mild and severe strabismic group. But there was no significantly difference of deviating angle (P>0. 05) in moderate strabismic group. The functional cure rate of postoperation was respectively 70. 83%, 67. 01%; the clinical cure rate was 20. 84%, 24. 74%; invalid rate was 8. 33%, 8. 25% .CONCLUSlON: The application of PACT and perimeter strabismometry in strabismic operation design, referring to the eye axial length, this can be helpful of improving the cure rate postoperation and decreasing the danger of reopreation.

[Objective]To study the clinical manifestation,early diagnosis and surgical outcomes of traumatic thoracic disc herniation.[Method]Eleven patients of traumatic thoracic disc herniation were selected from June 2000 to June 2005.There were 8 males and 3 females with an average age of 23.96 years old(ranged,15-38 years old).The average time from traumatism to diagnosis were 4.1 months(range,2 days to 8 months).After early clinical diagnosis,discectomy through posterolateral transpedicular approach were carried out for all 11 patients.[Result]All 11 patients were followed up for an average time of 2.6 years(range,1.1～3.8 years).According to Otani's classification criterion,the results were excellent in 7cases,good in 3 cases,fair in I cases,no poor case and failure case.The excellent and good results were obtained in 90.91% of the patients.[Conclusion]The incidence of traumatic thoracic disc herniation is rather low,and this disease has no representative symptom and sign.Early diagnosis and operative treatment is a very effective guarantee to curative effect for traumatic thoracic disc herniation.

ObjectiveTo study a standardization to establish data element in medical data resource share.MethodsThe library of data element's structural glossary items was established frist, then whole data element was established by selecting structural glossary items, finally, the input of data element's character was executed.ResultsA standardization method to establish data element was desigened based on definition, structure and national standard of data element.ConclusionIt's a important work to share medical data resource that establish data element by standardization, and it must be followed correlative standard and select logical method.

Objective To design an anatomic locking plate for the posterior malleolus using 3D reconstruction CT of the ankle joint and software Mimics.Methods The CT data of 20 normal ankles were imported into software Mimics in.dicom format for 3D reconstruction of the ankle joint.The angles of posteromedial and posterolateral varus,the twist height on the sagittal plane and the height of safe screw placement zone,the width of the posterior malleolus were measured for the posterior malleolus.After the anatomic locking plate was designed using the anatomic data measured and software Ungraphics NX5.0,it was 3D printed in a proportion of 1:1.Next,the model plate was tested and evaluated in 15 fresh cadaveric specimens of the ankle all the soft tissues of which were removed to fully expose the bony structure of the posterior malleolus.Results The anatomic measurements showed that the angles of postemmedial and posterolateral varus increased gradually towards the medial and lateral sides along the central axis of the posterior malleolus while the twist height reduced from the lateral to the medial side,and that the width of the posterior malleolus increased gradually from the superior to the inferior.It was found that after placement in the 15 fresh cadaveric specimens the anatomic model plate fit the posterior malleolus very well,fulfilling all the designed requirements for the anatomic locking plate for the posterior malleolus.Conclusion A novel anatomic locking plate for the posterior malleolu has been successfully designed and manufactured using 3D reconstruction CT of the ankle joint,software Mimics and 3D printing.

Background The safety,effectiveness and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to correct hyperopia are of a widely clinical concern,but the efficacy of LASIK for hyperopic correction is not satisfied in comparison to that of myopia.Objective The aim of this work was to evaluate the safety,effectiveness and predictability of autologous corneal len inlays to correct hyperopia.Methods Autologous corneal len inlays was performed on the left eye of female patient with the diopter of +3.25 DS.This patient was followed-up for 1 month.Cornea compensatory intraocular pressure (IOPcc) and imitation Goldmann IOP (IOPg) were measured,and the corneal thickness and corneal flap were observed using optical coherence topography (OCT).Corneal topography was examined to check the change of corneal curvature.Ocular response analyzer was used to evaluate the shifts of corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF).Uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity and refraction were compared between before and after operation.Written informed consent was obtained from the patient prior to the operation.Results No intraoperative and postoperative complications were found.Uncorrected distance visual acuity improved one line 1 day and 1 month after surgery,and near visual acuity progressed to J2 and the spherical equivalent (SE) was-0.125 D 1 month after surgery.OCT exhibited that the cornea was clear and transparent,and the graft was centered in the corneal stroma capsular bag without rejection 1 month after surgery.The IOPcc was 12.4 mmHg before operation and 11.9 mmHg 1 month after operation,and IOPg was 11.9 mmHg before operation and 10.7 mmHg 1 month after operation in the operated eye.The CH was 9.7 mmHg before operation and 8.9 mmHg 1 month after operation,and CRF was 10.9 mmHg before operation and 10.3 mmHg 1 month after operation,without remarkble change in the indexes mentioned above.Conclusions Autologous corneal implantation can be used to correct hyperopic eye with good safety,effectiveness and predictability.