The China Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System (CIDARS) was successfully implemented and became operational nationwide in 2008.The CIDARS plays an important role in and has been integrated into the routine outbreak monitoring efforts of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) at all levels in China.In the CIDARS,thresholds are determined using the'Mean+2SD'in the early stage which have limitations.This study compared the performance of optimized thresholds defined using the'Mean +2SD'method to the performance of 5 novel algorithms to select optimal 'Outbreak Gold Standard (OGS)'and corresponding thresholds for outbreak detection.Data for infectious disease were organized by calendar week and year.The'Mean+2SD',C1,C2,moving average (MA),seasonal model (SM),and cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithms were applied.Outbreak signals for the predicted value (Px) were calculated using a percentile-based moving window.When the outbreak signals generated by an algorithm were in line with a Px generated outbreak signal for each week,this Px was then defined as the optimized threshold for that algorithm.In this study,six infectious diseases were selected and classified into TYPE A (chickenpox and mumps),TYPE B (influenza and rubella) and TYPE C [hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and scarlet fever].Optimized thresholds for chickenpox (P55),mumps (P50),influenza (P40,P55,and P75),rubella (P45 and P75),HFMD (P65 and P70),and scarlet fever (P75 and Ps0) were identified.The C1,C2,CUSUM,SM,and MA algorithms were appropriate for TYPE A.All 6 algorithms were appropriate for TYPE B.C1 and CUSUM algorithms were appropriate for TYPE C.It is critical to incorporate more flexible algorithms as OGS into the CIDRAS and to identify the proper OGS and corresponding recommended optimized threshold by different infectious disease types.

Animals ; Brain Injuries ; metabolism ; therapy ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the comprehensive intervention program of Xinjiang and to analyze the main problems to provide references for the adjusting on the intervention strategies in future work.Methods Based upon the combination of reviewing literatures,field investigations and questionnaires,an overall evaluation was made on the effectiveness of the program,supportive policies and intervention measures,etc.Results Some progressions had been achieved in the early days.However,in recent years,the negligence of the work and failed coordination between the related governments,and unbenefitting policies for iodinated salt,were the main obstacles for the progress.Conclusions To improve the progress of controlling iodine deficiency disorders,the government should fully carry on its responsibility,giving supports both of policy and funds.Salt administrative sector should make favourable policies to benefit the local population.And health sector should coordinate the related sectors,and reinforce the health education and surveillance.

Carcinoma ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Kangai-1 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To explore the qualification and consuming of iodized salt at wholesale and household levels after Salt Iodization.Methods Iodized salt surveillance at wholesale and household levels every year by detecting iodine content.Direct titration method(GB/T 13025.7-1999)was used for salt iodjne detecting and arbitration method was used for Sichuan salt and special salt.Results Five thousand six hundred and seventy five samples of 227 batches from 3 wholesale industries were detected during 1996-2000,batch qualification rate was 60.79%(138/227)and iodized salt qualification rate was 61.83%(3509/5675).During 2001-2007,2556 samples of 252 batches from wholesale levels were detected.The batch qualification rate and iodized salt qualification rate were 1 00%(252/252)and 99.88%(2553/2556),respectively.At household level.1583 samples from 236 villages were detected during 1996-2000.Iodized salt qualification rate was 74.24%(1 170/1576)and consuming rate of qualified iodized salt was 73.91%(1 170/1583)and iodine median was 45.14 mg/kg.During 2001-2007,13 140 samples from 1656 villages were detected.Iodized salt qualification rate,consuming rate 0f qualified iodized salt and iodine median were 98.03%(12 830/13 088),97.64%(12 830/13 140)and 30.13 mg/kg,respectively. The most difference of iodine content was 3.46 mg/kg in 3 wholesale industries.At household level there was a 4.95%reduction in comparison with at wholesale level.Conclusions Salt iodization level and edible iodine salt reach the national requirements of iodine deficiency control from the starting stage.The quality 0f iodized saIt at household level related to the exclusive wholesale industry and loss phenomenon maybe existed when salt was sold from wholesale industries to residents.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on the activation of astrocytes and the expression of glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS54 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 18): sham-operated, TBI and HBO treatment groups. TBI was induced with Feeney's method, bone window was opened without strike on the brain tissue in the sham-operated group. HBO group rats received HBO treatment for 60 min in the hyperbaric chamber containing O2 100% at 3 ATA. When neurological functions were measured 48 h after TBI, rats were decapitated, the brain water content of 18 rats was measured, 18 brains were sliced for the morphological observation after Nissl staining and for the immunohistochemistry staining of astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and S100, and the other 18 brains of injured side were used for Western blot analysis of GDNF and NGF.

RESULTSHBO treatment reduced the neurological deficit, brain water content and hippocampal neuronal loss. In the observed cortex and hippocampal area astrocytes were activated, the cell number of positive expression of astrocyte markers GFAP, vimentin and S100 was increased, and the expression of GDNF and NGF was elevated after TBI. However, these indices were all enhanced further after the HBO treatment.

CONCLUSIONIt is suggested that HBO may be an effective therapy for TBI and upregulation of the expression of GDNF and NGF may underly the effect of HBO.

Animals ; Astrocytes ; metabolism ; Brain Injuries ; metabolism ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; methods ; Male ; Nerve Growth Factors ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; S100 Proteins ; metabolism ; Vimentin ; metabolism

Objective To establish and evaluate criteria applied to review of complete blood counts (CBC)and differential results from automated hematology analyzers.Methods Temporary criteria were established by using alarm system of XE-2100 automated hematology analyzer and by consulting the 41 suggested rides of international consensus group.2 795 out-and in-patient samples were run as clinical samples.Stained blood films were prepared and manual differential with smear review were performed on all samples.Statistical analysis was done for each temporary rule and instrument flag which indicated abnormal cell quantity and morphology.Results Of all rules,instrument flags of ‘Immature Gran/Left Shift?’, ‘ Atypical Lympho?’and‘NRBC(nucleated red blood cell)?’showed most frequent false positive and false negative instrument flag.Evaluation on rnles about cell quantity change showed false positive and false negative rates were both low.Results of morphology evaluation showed that true positive rate was 17.44%, false positive rate was 15.82%,true negative rate was 63.49%,false negative rate was 3.25%.‘ Atypical Lymphocyte?’,‘Immature Gran?’and‘blast?’were the most frequent false positive flags.According to those results and clinicians opinions,our hematology review criteria for action following automated CBC and leukocytes differential was established.Conclusions The hematology review criteria have high true positive rate and low false negative rate.To clinical hematology laboratory using automated hematology analyzer,new criteria can reduce work load,bring lower false negative rate and higher work efficiency.

Objective To explore the relationships between hyperuricemia (HUA)，serum uric acid (SUA) level and the chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adult residents of communities. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Xinqiao town of Songjiang district, Shanghai and a total of 9 527 residents aged 20-75 years were selected by random cluster sampling. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between SUA and CKD. Results Subjects were divided into five groups according to the gender-specific quintiles of SUA. The CKD prevalence in serum uric acid quintiles of male were 4.9%, 5.7%, 6.0%, 8.0% and 13.8% respectively，while of female were 12.8%, 12.7%, 11.9%, 13.3% and 18.2% respectively, increasing along with the increase of SUA among both sexes (all P<0.05). Compared to the serum uric acid first quintile, the multivariate-adjusted odds for CKD in male of the fourth and fifth quintiles were 2.12 (95% CI:1.32-3.39) and 3.84 (95% CI:2.45-6.02), and the multivariate-adjusted odds for CKD in female of the fifth quintile was 1.38 (95% CI:1.05-1.80). Hyperuricemia was defined by SUA>420 μmol/L(male) or >360 μmol/L(female). In the unadjusted model, HUA was significantly associated with CKD of all subjects (OR=2.03, 95% CI:1.69-2.44, P<0.001), and the association was still significant (OR=2.04, 95% CI:1.68-2.49, P<0.001) after adjustment for the potential confounders. The multivariate-adjusted odds of CKD associated with HUA was 2.89 (95% CI:2.12-3.94,) and 1.98 (95% CI:1.51-2.60) for male and female, respectively. Conclusion Hyperuricemia was independently associated with the increased prevalence of CKD among community-based population living in the Songjiang district, Shanghai.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and related factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and its associated renal insufficiency in adult residents of a community in Shanghai. Methods A total of 9 257 residents aged 20-75 years old in a community of Shanghai were selected by random cluster sampling. All participants were interviewed to complete questionnaires, physical examination, examination of blood, urine and common biochemical indicators for T2DM, renal insufficiency and other related factors. Then the SPSS 19.0 software was used for analysis. Results Of the 9 257 respondents, eligible data of 8 207 subjects were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of T2DM was 12.7% (95% CI: 12.0%-13.4%), and the prevalence of its associated renal insufficiency was 15.4% (95% CI: 12.3%-18.4%), and majority of patients (65.8%) were in the early stage. Among the T2DM patients in this survey, the prevalence of renal insufficiency in obese patients was higher than that in patient with the normal body mass index. Logistic regression analysis showed that elder (OR=1.35), central obesity (OR=1.50), hyperuricemia (OR=2.51) were independent risk factors related with renal insufficiency in T2DM patients. Conclusions Renal insufficiency has become one of the important public health problems in T2DM patients. It shows a more urgent need for early prevention and control of CKD to prevent the incidence of end-stage renal disease and related complications in T2DM patients with advanced age, obesity, and hyperuricemia.

OBJECTIVETo study apoptosis-related gene expression of human villous trophoblasts exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field and to investigate the possible mechanism of human reproductive health effects caused by 50 Hz magnetic field.

METHODSCultured human villous trophoblasts were exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field at 0.4 mT for 6, 48, 72 hours. Gene expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, p53 and Fas were analyzed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.

RESULTSWithin 72 hours, the average fold change for each gene was near 1.00, and there was no significant difference on expression pattern in each gene between exposure and control groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION0.4 mT 50 Hz magnetic field does not affect the apoptosis-related gene expression of human villous trophoblasts in vitro.

Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Magnetic Fields ; adverse effects ; Pregnancy ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Trophoblasts ; metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism ; fas Receptor ; metabolism