OBJECTIVETo summarize the clinical features of chronic epididymitis (CE) for the purpose of improving its diagnosis and treatment.

METHODSAccording to the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 63 CE patients in this study, obtained the data on their symptoms, signs, sexual activities, histories of related diseases, impact on quality of life and CE symptom indexes (CESI) by interrogation, physical examination and questionnaires, assessed their correlation with CE, and summarized the clinical features of the disease.

RESULTSThe case group showed a similarity to the controls in age, ethnicity, education, smoking and drinking, but significantly larger numbers of sexual partners and patients with a history of urinary tract infections than the latter. Epididymal swelling and tenderness were found in 92.1%, and scrotal pain in 75.5% of the CE patients. CESI and the score of the impact on quality of life were 7.9 +/- 4.6 and 12.5 +/- 5.6 in the case group, significantly higher than in the controls (4.4 +/- 3.2 and 8.5 +/- 4.2) (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe significant signs of chronic epididymitis are epididymal swelling and tenderness, which affect the patient's quality of life. The association of chronic epididymitis with the number of sexual partners and history of urinary tract infections are yet to be further confirmed by larger-sample studies.

Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Epididymitis ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression feature of a human tumor related gene chp2 in leukemia primary cells and leukemia cell lines, real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) was performed to detect the expression level of chp2 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy individuals (as control) and 24 cases of leukemia, and in 4 kinds of leukemia cell lines. The results showed that the detection rate of chp2 gene in 10 normal controls was 80%, positive expression was (0.744 +/- 0.682) x 10(5) cps/microl. The expression levels of chp2 mRNA leukemia primary cells and leukemia cell lines were significantly higher than that in the normal control (p < 0.05). The expression levels of chp2 mRNA were higher in AML cells (7 cases), CML cells (6 cases), ALL cells (7 cases) and CLL cells (4 cases), and their expression levels were (11.637 +/- 5.588), (6.122 +/- 3.785), (4.262 +/- 2.561) and (3.434 +/- 1.974) x 10(5) cps/microl respectively. Gene chp2 positively expressed in four kinds of leukemia cell lines, and the expression levels in K562 cells, Jurkat cells, HL-60 cells and M07e cells were (5.243 +/- 1.852), (4.463 +/- 1.621), (4.137 +/- 1.837) and (2.578 +/- 1.137) x 10(6) cps/microl respectively. The expression level in leukemia cell lines was higher than that in primary cells. It is concluded that the human tumor related gene chp2 expression in leukemia primary cells and leukemia cell lines significantly increase, which may play an important role in growth process of leukemia cells.
Calcium-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; K562 Cells ; Leukemia ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neoplasm Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism

5' nucleotides (5'NT), a purine degradative enzyme, is capable of hydrolyzing nucleotide and acting as a phosphotransferase simultaneously. It has critical role in maintaining nucleotide metabolism balance. The present study was aimed to investigate the expression of 5'NT in bone marrow granulocytes (BMGs) from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and healthy donors comparatively. The BMGs were isolated from bone marrow of 33 patients with AML and 6 healthy donors by using lymphocyte isolating solution. The reactivity of 5'NT was detected by electron microscope and cytochemistry of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). The positive BMG ratio and their index were calculated on the base of ultrastructural observation semiquantitatively. The results indicated that electron microscopy revealed plasma membrane reacting pattern of CMP. Most BMGs from normal donors were CMP negative or exhibited lower active degree. All cases of M(0), M(1), M(2) and t (8; 21) showed high positive percentages and high indexes of BMGs, but no statistic differences between them. APL of t (15; 17) shared lower percentages and indexes than other subtypes. There was no significant difference between APL and normal donors statistically. In conclusions, the results suggested the expression of 5'NT may be associated with BMG differentiation in AML, and APL of t (15; 17) may be a highly differentiated leukemia subtype.
5'-Nucleotidase ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; enzymology ; Child ; Female ; Granulocytes ; enzymology ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; classification ; enzymology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

The objective of this study was to compare the effects between knocking-out Sam68 gene by homologous recombination method and silencing the gene by siRNA silencing technique in DT40 cell line. Gene targeting technique was used to isolate Sam68 gene-deleted chicken DT40 cells. Meanwhile, Sam68 gene silencing cells was obtained by using stable expression of siRNA plasmid pSilencer-Sam68. Then, the function of these two cell lines were analyzed by comparing with wild-type DT40 cell line. The results showed that the growth retardation in Sam68 gene knocked-out cell line was observed due to elongation of the G2/M phase, but which could not be found in Sam68 gene silencing cell line. It is concluded that in accordance with study of protein function in living cells, use of gene knockout technique for cell line can provide the experimental results more real than those resulting from gene silence technique.
Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chickens ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Gene Silencing ; Gene Targeting ; Plasmids ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Transfection

This study was aimed to investigate whether the inhibition of NHE1 activity and intracellular acidification can reverse resistance of leukemia cells to the imatinib and to explore downstream signal molecule networks of BCR/ABL in the cells of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) patients. The mRNA and protein expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and the drug accumulation were assayed after acidifying the primary leukemia cells of patients or K562/DOX and K562/G01 cells. The effects of intracellular acidification of primary leukemia cells on the phosphorylation level changes of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot. The results showed that the intracellular concentration of drugs in the advanced patients increased and the sensitivity of K562/DOX and K562/G01 cells to imatinib was enhanced after intracellular acidification or treatment with NHE1 inhibitor cariporide. With downregulation of intracellular pH, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK decreased in advanced patients and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 increased within 3 min and then decreased after 30 min. SB203580, the specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, displayed a synergistic effect with the inhibitor of NHE1 to downregulate the mRNA and protein expression of Pgp. It is concluded that the inhibiton of NHE1 can significantly decrease the protein expression of Pgp in K562/DOX and K562/G01 cells, increase the accumulation of Rhodamine123 and doxorubicin in the cells of advanced patients and enhance the sensitivity of cells to imatinib in which the p38 MAPK signal transduction pathways involves.
ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Benzamides ; pharmacology ; Cation Transport Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Imidazoles ; pharmacology ; K562 Cells ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; Pyridines ; pharmacology ; Pyrimidines ; pharmacology ; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1 ; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism

This study was to investigate the proliferative inhibition and apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells induced by crocin and their possible mechanisms. The cell viability was tested by cell counting. The morphology of HL-60 cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of crocin on the growth of HL-60 cells. Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle. RT-PCR was used to detect bcl-2 and bax expression. The results indicated that the growth of HL-60 cells was inhibited remarkably in the dose and time dependent way. When the crocin concentration was higher than 5 mg/ml, the percentage of apoptotic HL-60 cells was not increased, on the contrary this percentage decreased, the cells manifested necrosis. Flow cytometry profiles revealed that cells were blocked in G₀/G₁ phase, the cell proliferation was inhibited obviously at 5 mg/ml. RT-PCR detection revealed that the expression of bcl-2 was down-regulated strikingly and bax was up-regulated. It is concluded that the crocin can inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells effectively, and block cells in G₀/G₁ phase. The mechanisms by which crocin induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells may be related to the inhibition of bcl-2 and activation of bax.
Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Carotenoids ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Leukemia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Phytotherapy ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intracellular acidification on the P-gp in K562/A02 cells. Confocal laser microscope was used to determine the intracellular acidification. MTT assay was used to detect the cytotoxicity of intracellular acidification on K562 and K562/A02 cells. Flow cytometry was applied to measure the influence of intracellular acidification on the activity of P-gp. The P-gp expression at protein and mRNA levels were determined by Western blot and real-time RT-PCR respectively. The results indicated that intracellular acidification had no obvious cytotoxicity on K562 and K562/A02 cells. The function of P-gp in K562/A02 cells weakened along with decrease of intracellular acidification, the intracellular acidification significantly increased the accumulation of Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) and suppressed the efflux of Rh 123 mediated by P-gp. The intracellular acidification also inhibited the expression of P-gp in K562/A02 cells at protein and mRNA levels which showed intracellular acidification with time-dependence. It is concluded that the intracellular acidification can inhibit the expression and function of P-gp in K562/A02 cells.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family B ; ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; K562 Cells

OBJECTIVETo establish human bronchial epithelial cell lines over expressing oncogene and to investigate its application in detection of carcinogen-induced cell transformation.

METHODSMediated by retrovirus infection, human telomerase catalytic subunit, hTERT was introduced into immortal human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and followed by introduction of the oncogenic allele H-Ras(V12), or c-Myc or empty vector, creating cell lines 16HBETR, 16HBETM and 16HBETV, respectively. Biological characteristics of these cell lines including morphology, proliferation, and chromosomal aberration were examined to access whether they were transformed. Soft agar experiment and nude mice subcutaneous injection were performed using pre-transformed 16HBE cells induced by known carcinogens, nickel sulfate (NiSO4) and 7, 8, -dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide benzo[a] pyrene (BPDE).

RESULTSWith detection of telomerase activity and Western blotting, the expression of target proteins was verified. Thus, the transgenic 16HBE cell lines were successfully established. Cells expressing oncogene H-Ras or c-Myc grew 30.3% or 10.4% faster than control cells. However, these cells failed to form colonies in soft agar or form tumor in nude mice. 16HBETR, 16HBETM cells obtained transformed phenotype at 5 wks, 11 wks, respectively after treatment with BPDE, which are 15 wks and 9 wks earlier than control cells 16HBETV (20 wks). Meanwhile, 16HBETR, 16HBETM cells obtained transformed phenotype at 11 wks, 14 wks, respectively after treatment with nickel sulfate, which are 21 wks and 18 wks earlier than control cells (32 wks).

CONCLUSIONWith the advantage of shorter latency, transgenic human cell transformation models could be used in potent carcinogen screening and applied to chemical-carcinogenesis mechanism study.

7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide ; toxicity ; Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Epithelial Cells ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, myc ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude