Damage produced by radiation elicits a complex response in mammalian cells. Including growth rate changes and the induction of a variety of genes associated with growth control and apoptosis.At doses of 10,000 cGy or greater, the exposed indivisual was killed in a matter of minutes to a couple of days. With symptoms consistent with pathology of the central nervous system(CNS) including degenerative changes. The nature of the damege in irradiated cells underlies the unique hazads of ionizing radiation. Radiation injury CNS is a rare event in clinical medicine, but it is catastrophic for the patient in whom it occurs. The incidience of cerebral necrosis has been reportes as high as 16% for doses greater than 6,000 cGy.In this study, the effect of radiation on brain tissues was studied in vivo. Jun and p53 genes in the rat brain were induced by whole body irradiation of rat with 60Co in doses between 1 Gy and analyzed for expression analyses were done using 1.8 Kb & 0.8 Kb-pGEM-2-JUN/Eco RI/Pst I fragments, 2.0 Kb-php53B/Bam HI fragment and 1.1 Kb-pBluescript SK-ACTIN/Eco RI fragment as the digoxigenin or [alpha32P]dCTPlabeled probes for Jun, p53 and beta-actin genes, respectively.Jun gene seemed to be expressed near the threshold levels in 1 hour after irradiation of 60Co in dose less than 1 Gy and was expressed in maximum at 1 hour after irradiation of 60Co in dose of 30 Gy. Jun was expressed increasingly with time until 5 or 6 hours after irradiation of 60Co in dose of 1 Gy and 10 Gy . After irradition of 60Co in dose between 20 Gy and 100Gy, the expression of Jun was however increased to peak in 2 hours and decreased thereafter.P53 gene in this study also seemed to be expressed near the threshold levels in 1 hours after irradiation of 60Co in less than 1 Gy and was expressed in maximum and 6 hours after irradiation of 60Co in dose of 1 Gy. P53 was expressed increasingly with time until 5 or 6 hours after irradition of 60Co in dose between 1 Gy and 40 Gy. After irradition of 60Co in dose of 50 Gy and 100Gy. The expression of p53 was however increased in peak in 2 hours and decreased thereafter. The expression of Jun and p53 genes was not correlative in the brain tissue from rats.It seemed to be very important for the establishment of the optimum conditions for the animal studies relevant to the response of genes inducible on DNA damage to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. But there are many limitations to the animal studies such as the ununiform patterns of gene expression from the tissue because of its complex compositions. It is necessary to overcome the limitations for development of in situ Northern analysis.
Actins ; Animals ; Brain* ; Clinical Medicine ; Digoxigenin ; DNA Damage ; Gamma Rays ; Gene Expression ; Genes, p53* ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Pathology ; Radiation Injuries ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Rats* ; Whole-Body Irradiation

PURPOSE: To find the optimal values of total arc degree to protect the normal brain tissue from high dose radiation in stereotactic radiotherapy planning. METHODS AND MATERIALS: With Xknife-3 planning system & 4 MV linear accelerator, the authors planned under various values of parameters. One isocenter, 12, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mm of collimator diameters, 100degrees, 200degrees, 300degrees, 400degrees, 500degrees, 600degrees of total arc degrees, and 30degrees or 45degrees of arc intervals were used. After the completion of planning, the plans were compared each other using V50 (the volume of normal brain that is delivered high dose radiation) and integral biologically effective dose. RESULTS: At 30degrees of arc interval, the values of V50 had the decreased pattern with the increase of total arc degree in any collimator diameter. At 45degrees arc interval, up to 400degrees of total arc degree, the values of V50 decreased with the increase of total arc degree, but at 500degrees and 600degrees of total arc degrees, the values increased. At 30degreesdegreesof arc interval, integral biologically effective dose showed the decreased pattern with the increase of total arc degree in any collimator diameter. At 45degrees arc interval with less than 40 mm collimator diameter, the integral biologically effective dose decreased with the increase of total arc degree, but with 50 and 60 mm of collimator diameters, up to 400degrees of total arc degree, integral biologically effective dose decreased with the increase of total arc degree, but at 500degrees and 600degrees of total arc degrees, the values increased. CONCLUSION: In the stereotactic radiotherapy planning for brain lesions, planning with 400degrees of total arc degree is optimal. Especially, when the larger collimator more than 50 mm diameter should be used, the uses of 500degrees and 600degrees of total arc degrees make the increase of V50 and integral biologically effective dose. Therefore stereotactic radiotherapy planning using 400degrees of total arc degree can increase the therapeutic ratio and produce the effective outcome in the management of personal and mechanical sources in radiotherapy department.
Brain ; Humans ; Particle Accelerators ; Radiotherapy*

Using fluorescence polarization of 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid (12-AS) and 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid (2-AS), we evaluated the differential effects of local anesthetics on differential rotational rate between the surface (in carbon number 2 and its surroundings including the head group) and the hydrocarbon interior (in carbon number 12 and its surroundings) of the outer monolayer of the total lipid fraction liposome extracted from synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles. The anisotropy (r) values for the hydrocarbon interior and the surface region of the liposome outer monolayer were 0.078+/-0.001 and 0.114+/-0.001, respectively. This means that the rate of rotational mobility in the hydrocarbon interior is faster than that of the surface region. In a dose-dependent manner, the local anesthetics decreased the anisotropy of 12-AS in the hydrocarbon interior of the liposome outer monolayer but increased the anisotropy of 2-AS in the surface region of the monolayer. These results indicate that local anesthetics have significant disordering effects on the hydrocarbon interior but have significant ordering effects on the surface region of the liposome outer monolayer.
Anesthetics, Local* ; Anisotropy ; Carbon ; Cell Membrane ; Fluorescence Polarization ; Head ; Liposomes ; Membranes*

New measurement method for Sp factors (Phantom Scatter Factors) is presented. The theoretical development of the approach is disscused showing that Sp factors can be obtained from three measurements of ionnization in a blocked, reference field and open field. This method has been tested using 60Co gamma rays. The results were within 1% deviation between the theory and the experiment for the Sp facter. The new method does not need air measurement, and we could determine the Sp p factors with a small piece of block.
Gamma Rays ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the treatment of oral cancer, appropriate surgical approaches should be chosen in order to eradicate cancer while preserving the function of oral cavity and facial contour. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of various surgical approaches in the surgical treatment of oral cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 112 oral cancer patients, excepting those with lip cancer, and who underwent surgery from 1994 to Aug 2008, were enrolled. We reviewed medical records retrospectively and analyzed the primary sites, stage, surgical approaches, management of mandible and neck, reconstruction methods, recurrence and survival rates. RESULTS: Of the 112 patients, 64 were transoral, 23 pull-through, 6 mandibular lingual releasing, 6 upper cheek flap , 5 lower cheek flap , 6 mandibulotomy and 2 visor flap approach. Most of T1, T2 lesions could be resected by transoral (71.6%) or pull-through approach (21.0%). In the advanced T3, T4 lesions, transoral (21.9%), pull-through (37.5%), cheek flap (21.9%), mandibulotomy (15.6%) were used. There was no statistically significant difference with respect to locoregional recurrence and survival rate according to surgical approach. CONCLUSION: The transoral approach was the effective method for the surgery of T1, T2 and part of T3 oral cancer. The pull-through or mandibular lingual releasing approach was the effective method of surgery for T2, T3 tongue or floor of mouth (FOM) cancer while avoiding mandibulotomy.
Cheek ; Humans ; Lip Neoplasms ; Mandible ; Medical Records ; Mouth ; Mouth Floor ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Neck ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Tongue

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In order to eradicate the disease and preserve function of oropharynx and facial contour, appropriate surgical approach should be chosen for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of various surgical approaches in the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We analyzed 65 patients with oropharyngeal cancer who underwent surgery as a primary treatment from Jan. 1994 to Jun. 2009, retrospectively. Primary tumor site, TNM stage, surgical approach, management of neck, reconstruction method, complication, recurrence rate were analyzed to assess advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches. RESULTS: The surgical approaches applied were transoral approach in 25, mandibulotomy in 23, lower cheek flap in 4, trans-pharyngeal in 9, and mandibular lingual releasing approach in 4. Most of T1 lesion was resected by transoral approach (65.0%). For advanced T3 and T4, mandibulotomy was mainly used. Lateral pharyngotomy and mandibular lingual release approach were used for the surgery of moderate size of oropharyngeal cancer. The locoregional recurrence rate did not differ according to different surgical approaches with regard to T and N stages. CONCLUSION: Transoral approach is very useful for the most of small oropharyngeal cancer. Mandibulotomy provides most wide surgical view for advanced T3, T4 oropharyngeal cancer.
Cheek ; Humans ; Neck ; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms ; Oropharynx ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies