BACKGROUND: The antinociceptive effect and the potency of systemically administered morphine (micro-agonist), nalbuphine (agonist-antagonist), and ketorolac (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) was examined in rats using the formalin test. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250~300 g) received intraperitoneal injection of either saline or 3 doses of each test drug (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg of morphine, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg of nalbuphine, and 10, 30, 100 mg/kg of ketorolac) 30 minutes prior to formalin injection. 50 microliter of 10% formalin was injected into the dorsal surface of the right hindpaw after 1 minute of 4% halothane induction. The construction of the dose-response curves and the determination of doses producing 50% maximum possible effect (ED50) were computed. RESULTS: Intraperitoneal injection of morphine, nalbuphine and ketorolac resulted in the significant, dose-dependent supression of both phases, but nalbuphine has a ceiling effect at high dose for analgesia at the phase I of the formalin test. The rank order of relative potency in rats to the formalin test was nalbuphine (1.16)>morphine (1)>>ketorolac (0.1) in phase I, morphine (1)>nalbuphine (0.61)>>ketorolac (0.02) in phase IIa, and morphine (1)>nalbuphine (0.57)>>ketorolac (0.03) in phase IIb. CONCLUSION: Comparing the systemic analgesic potency, nalbuphine and ketorolac will be needed in dosages 1.5 and 50 times that of morphine, respectively. These results suggest that ketorolac is not good enough as a single analgesic drug in preemptive analgesia for major surgery.
Analgesia ; Animals ; Formaldehyde* ; Halothane ; Humans ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Ketorolac* ; Male ; Morphine* ; Nalbuphine* ; Pain Measurement* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

In general, PETCO2 is well correlated with PaCO2 during spontaneous and conventional mechanical ventilation in normal lungs. However, it is known that during high frequency jet ventilation, PETCO2 may underestimate PaCO2 because of inadequate washout of the anatomical dead space by a small tidal volume and the relatively slow response time of infrared CO2 analyzers. The validity of PETCO2 as a reflection of PaCO2 was assessed during HFJV in 40 patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery. HFJV was applied through an injector inserted into the trachea 6 cm below the vocal cord. PETCO2 was obtained from a sampling line placed 2 cm below the injector. Both PETCO2 and PaCO2 were measured simultaneously after decreasing the frequency from 100 beats per minute to 15 beats per minute 10 and 20 minutes after the commencement of HFJV. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.955, P < 0.001) and a good correspondence between the mean PETCO2 and PaCO2 values with an average difference of 1.93 +/- 1.21 mmHg and a limit of agreement from -0.49 to 4.35 mmHg. It is suggested that the PETCO2 obtained following a decrease in the jet frequency during HFJV could closely reflect PaCO2.
Adult ; Carbon Dioxide/*blood ; *High-Frequency Jet Ventilation ; Human ; Larynx/*surgery ; *Microsurgery ; Middle Age ; *Monitoring, Physiologic

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and availability of a 12-week, community-based obesity control program called the Protein-Rich Oriental Diet (PRO Diet) and to compare it to a conventional diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 515 overweight people (55 men and 460 women; mean age 41.9 +/- 9.8 years; body mass index (BMI) 28.1 +/- 3.6 kg/m2) participated in the program at two public health centers. PRO Diet was offered as the main diet recommendation for 12 weeks. As a control group, we selected a population who had followed a conventional diet program conducted at a public health center in 2006. RESULTS: 177 subjects (34.3%) completed the 12-week PRO Diet program. In a per protocol (PP) analysis, the mean changes in anthropometry were (conventional program vs. PRO Diet; weight, - 2.3 kg vs. - 4.7 kg, p < 0.001; BMI, - 1.1 kg/m2 vs. - 1.9 kg/m2, p < 0.001; waist circumference, - 3.3 cm vs. - 6.8 cm, p < 0.001; fat mass, - 2.0 kg vs. - 4.2 kg, p < 0.001; fat % mass, - 1.8% vs. - 3.9%, p < 0.001). The triglyceride reduction was significantly greater (- 30.16 mg/dL, p < 0.001) in the PRO Diet group after intervention compared to the conventional group. CONCLUSION: The PRO Diet was an effective tool for weight loss in a community-based weight control program and well-tolerated.
Adult ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol/blood ; *Diet, Reducing ; Dietary Proteins/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Lipoproteins, HDL/blood ; Male ; Obesity/*diet therapy ; Triglycerides/blood ; Waist Circumference

Many obese people who try to control body weight experience weight cycling (WC). The present study evaluated the importance of WC in a community-based obesity intervention program. We analyzed the data of 109 Korean participants (86% women) among 177 subjects who had completed a 12-week intervention program at two public health centers in Korea from April to December, 2007. Completion of a self-administrated questionnaire at baseline was used to obtain anthropometric measurements, and laboratory testing was done before and after the program. Differences in body composition change and obesity-related life style between the two groups were compared with respect to WC and non-weight cycling (NWC). After 12 weeks, both groups showed reductions in weight, waist circumference, and body mass index. The group differences were not significant. However, significant differences were evident for the WC group compared to the NWC group in fat percent mass (WC vs. NWC, -3.49+/-2.31% vs. -4.65+/-2.59%, P=0.01), fat free mass (WC vs. NWC, -0.95+/-1.37 kg vs. -0.38+/-1.05 kg, P=0.01), and total cholesterol (WC vs. NWC, -3.32+/-14.63 vs. -16.54+/-32.39, P=0.005). In conducting a community-based weight control program that predominantly targets women, changes of body composition and total cholesterol may be less effective in weight cyclers than in non-weight cyclers.
Adult ; Anthropometry ; *Body Composition ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol/blood ; Community-Based Participatory Research ; Exercise Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/*therapy ; Questionnaires