No abstract available.
Mass Screening*

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Occupational Medicine*

A study on the morbidity of syphilils among 729 workers on Po Hang and Ul San Industrial Complexes at the routine periodical examination was performed. In addition to the morbidity, factors related to the disease infection such as educational level, religion, preventive measures taken by the workers, history of urethritis, and so on were studied and analysed to check significant relation. The result were as follows. 1. VDRL and RPR tests were undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of RPR tests which was utilized for all the workers studied. It related 86.4% of sensitivity and specificity 87.7% of specificity from the RPR tests, and 81.8% of sensitivity and 90.1% of specificity from the VDRL tests compared with RPCF test. There were 87.4% of agreement rate vetween RPR and VDRL. Actually, RPR was more sentitive but less specific than VDRL , and found to be a satisfactory screening test for syphilis especially in the fields. 2. Among the workers in Po Hang Area 24.0% of them revealed reactive result, and in Ul San Area 5.2% revealed result showing 4.6 times of risk among workers on Po Hang Area. 3. There were no statistically significant differences between RPR reactive rates and personal characteristics such as educational level, region, history of urethritis experience, history of coitus with prostitute, and preventive measures of V.D taken by workers of evaluated by area of Po Hang and Ul San separately. 4. V.D. could be encountered as an occupational disease in certain conditions of working places and the psychosocial problems of workers. And so, It is necessary that the workers working in special estates such as on Po Hang Industrial Complex should be checked to be screened out by RPR test at periodical examination also should include RPR test be compared with. Regardless of the workmen's compensation, establishment of V.D. treatment clinic of system for such industrial workers is urgently needed. Health education regarding V.D. is another subject to be performed.
Coitus ; Health Education ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mass Screening* ; Occupational Diseases ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Workers ; Syphilis ; Urethritis ; Workers' Compensation

The results of the tests carried out in 1971 strongly suggested that a considerable portion of the flea population in MR 2 had developed resistance not only against DDT but also malathion and dieldrin. There is also the possibility of the fleas developing a resistance to diazinon and lindane. Thus careful consideration should be given to the continuous use of diazinon. In areas where fleas had developed a resistance to malathion, further tests should be conducted continuously to confirm the possible development of resistance. Other insecticides which have not been used in Vietnam for any purpose should be ready to be substituted, if the development of resistance is confirmed.
parasitology-arthropoda-flea-Xenopsylla cheopis ; resistance ; Vietnam ; DDT ; dieldrin ; diazinon ; lindane ; malathion

The cohort study is an observational epidemiological study which selects the specific study population attempting to study the relatiqnship between an exposure to the purported cause and the subsequent risk of developing disease in accordance of time direction. Since Doll and Hill had studied the association between lung cancer and smoking behavior among the British medical doctors in the years of the last fifties, the defined group cohort studies analysing the relationship between an exposure and the occurence of a disease have become very popular. Cohort studies can be classified as either prospective or retrospective, depending on the temporal relationship between the initiation of the study and the occurence of the disease. Cohort studies are admitted as the very valuable studies for demonstrating the association between an exposure and a disease because it is possible to drive relative and attributable risks and often incidence measures. They can even examine multiple effects of a single exposure. However, they are usually expensive to carry out and large cohorts are required for rare diseases in addition to the time consum ing works. There are also very significant problems associated with selection of appropriate groups to be studied as far as complete ascertainment of disease occurence in them. Usually it is necessary that we must compromise to provide the opportunity for various types of bias such as selection bias, follow-up bias, information bias or misclassification, confounding bias and post hoc bias to occur which can result in incorrect conclusions. Only the success of a cohort study would be expected when the investigator pay the deep care in recognizing and correcting for these biases.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cohort Studies* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung Neoplasms ; Rare Diseases ; Research Personnel ; Selection Bias ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Mercury Poisoning*

Certine heavy metals which may lead peoples to poisonous status are widely used in industry and their used have been increasing along with rapid industrialization of this country. Such an increasement of metal uses aggravates the status of environmental pollution affecting foodstuffs which are the most important life supporting factor of animal and human being. Concerning the safety measures to minimize food-borne transmission of such hazardous metals, surveillance is the backbone of them and probably more so with a potential problem such as intoxication. Theoretically, this surveillance should include the determination of levels of heavy metal toxicants in foods, the determination of food consumption patterns and typical total diet, and the estimation of total load the metal contaminant from all sources of exposure including air, water, and occupational sources. In recent year, actually, such estimates on the total daily intake of some heavy metals from foods have been made in several developed countries and a wide variation of date by season, locality, and research method was recognized. Also in this country, this kind of research data is vitally needed to make up for the serious shortage or lack of references to estimate the total amount of heavy metal intake of the people. In this study, a modification model for estimation of the total daily intake of cadmium copper, nickel, zinc, and lead through foods was applied and concentrations of the above metals in crops cultivated in this country were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer to get the following results. 1.Level of heavy metal concentration in crops. Generally, the levels of such metals in essential crops such as rice, cucumber, radish, chinese cabbage, apple, pear, grape, and orange are similar or lower than those in Japan and other developed countries. By the way, a striking result on cadmium concentration was increasement of its concentration in rice from 0-0.035ppm in 1970 to 0.11ppm in this study. However, the value is still far below the Japanese Permissible Level of 1.0ppm. 2. Estimation of total daily intake per from foods. A new model for estimation was devised utilizing levels of metal concentration in food, amount of food consumed, and other food factors. Based on the above method, the daily intake of cadmium was estimate to be 70.53 microgram/man/day in average which was as high as the Limit Value of ILO/WHO(up to 71.4 microgram/man/day). Also, 3.89mg of Zinc, 1.65mg of cuppor, 0.32mg of lead were given as the total daily intake per capita by this research. 3. Efficacy of washing or skinning to decrease the amount of metals in crops. After washing the crops sufficiently with commercial linear alkylate sulfonate, the concentration of heavy metals could bae reduced to 50-80% showing decreasement rate of 20-50%. Also, after skinning the fruits, decreasement rate of the heavy metal concentration showed 0-50%.
Absorption ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Brassica ; Cadmium ; Citrus sinensis ; Copper ; Developed Countries ; Diet ; Environmental Pollution ; Fruit ; Humans ; Japan ; Metals ; Metals, Heavy ; Nickel ; Pyrus ; Raphanus ; Seasons ; Skin ; Strikes, Employee ; Vitis ; Water ; Zinc

No abstract available.
Occupational Health*

No abstract available.
Mass Screening* ; Rural Health*

No abstract available.
Spondylosis*