The purpose of this study was to compare wage treatment and the employment environment of school foodservice employees before and after conversion to indefinite contract status since September 2012 when the Ordinance on the Appointment of Education Officials (indefinite contract) under the Gangwon Provincial Superintendent of Education was applied as well as to examine the effects of wage treatment and the employment environment on job stability. The questionnaire survey was conducted from March 31 to April 10, 2017 for school foodservice employees working at 97 schools in Gangwon province. A total of 477 questionnaires were distributed and 470 questionnaires were used for the analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Window Ver.18.0. The detailed results of this study were as follows. First, wage treatment (2.29 vs. 3.16), employment environment (3.45 vs. 4.22) and job stability (1.88 vs. 2.35) revealed significantly positive perceptions after conversion to indefinite contract status compared to before conversion. Second, after analyzing leading factors influencing job stability, it was revealed that wage treatment (before: βâ = 0.516, P < 0.05; after: βâ=0.465, P < 0.05) had a positive (+) effect on job stability, whereas employment environment did not affect job stability. In conclusion, in the context that most school foodservice employees are contract employees, this study is significant in that the changes in the employment policies of the national government and education office were confirmed to have effects on school foodservice employees.
Education ; Employment ; Federal Government ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits

Benign tumors of the esophagus occur rarely as compared with the incidence of carcinomas. Among the benign tumors of the esophagus such as leiomyoma, lipoma, hemangioma, papilioma. polyp, cystetc. leiomyoma is the most common, although less than 10 percents of leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract are found in the esophagus. Most of leiomyomas of the esophagus present as solitary lesions but multiple tumors occur in about 4 percents of cases. Leiomyomas of the esophagus are diagnosed by thorough clinical evaluation, esophagogram and upper gastrofiberscopic examination but histological confirmation requires surgical or necropsy specimens. Occasionally gastrofiberscopic polypectomized specimens are used. We report one case of multiple leiomyomas of the esophagus located in between 25 cm and 40 cm distance from the incisor in a 38-year-old man who complained of vague substernal discomfort for about 10 years. Gastrofiberscopic polypectomized specimen was used for preoperative histological confirmation. The pathologic examination of the specimen showed leiomyoma of the esophagus.
Adult ; Esophagus* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hemangioma ; Humans ; Incidence ; Incisor ; Leiomyoma* ; Lipoma ; Polyps

The endemic status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County) in Korea was examined. From February to December 2000, stools of total 1,081 inhabitants living in 5 villages were examined. Each stool specimen was examined by both the cellophane thick smear method and the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Egg-positive cases were further analyzed by Stoll's egg-counting technique, and praziquantel was administered to positive cases. The egg-positive rates for Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus species were 9.3% and 5.5%, respectively, and the double infection rate was 3.5%. The numbers of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. were 918 +/-1.463 and 711+/-947, respectively. The egg-positive rates for C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in the riverside area were 14.2% and 8.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the inland area (3.2% and 1.7%, respectively). The egg-positive rates of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in males (16.7% and 10.0%) were significantly higher than those of females (3.5% and 1.8%). However, there were no significant differences of EPG values between localities and sexes. The prevalence of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in this survey was significantly lower than that in the previous reports. However, there is still a high prevalence of infection with C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in this region, especially in the riverside area.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Child ; Clonorchiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Clonorchis sinensis/isolation & purification ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Heterophyidae/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parasite Egg Count ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; Trematode Infections/*epidemiology/parasitology

PURPOSE: To investigate changes in the clinical manifestations of ocular injuries induced by power lawn mowers. METHODS: In a retrospective study of 172 patients with ocular injuries induced by power lawn mowers in 2006, 2010, and 2014. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the time of presentation and 6 months after trauma, age, sex and seasonal distribution were analyzed. We assessed the degree of injury using slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, and computed tomography and analyzed the prognoses according to open/closed injury and, anterior/posterior segment injury. All patients underwent medical or surgical treatment, and the factors affecting final BCVA were analyzed. RESULTS: The ratio of closed injuries increased significantly (p = 0.027), as did the ratio of corneal erosion (p = 0.020), and, the ratio of corneal laceration decreased significantly (p = 0.014) over time. In the multivariate analysis, initial BCVA was the only risk factor of poor visual outcome in both open and closed injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of open globe injury has decreased over time. In contrast, the proportion of simple injuries such as corneal erosion has increased in ocular injuries induced by power lawn mowers. Lower initial visual acuity was the only risk factor of poor visual outcome in both open and closed injuries.
Humans ; Lacerations ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Visual Acuity

Numerous reports have documented cardiac arrhythmias in animals and man during halothane anesthesia, Cardiac arrhythmia may occur regularly with halothane anesthesia, being related to several factors; fright, overdoasge of atropine, surgical stimvlation in light anesthesia, hypercapnia and intravenous injection of epinephrine. The authors experienced a case of severe cardiac arrhythmia induced by fialothane anesthesia and treated by change of anesthetic agent to ether.
Anesthesia* ; Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Atropine ; Epinephrine ; Ether ; Halothane* ; Hypercapnia ; Injections, Intravenous

PURPOSE: It is difficult at times to differentiate between a papillary carcinoma and benign papilloma of the breast, and papillomas can undergo malignant transformation. The authors investigated the expression of cyclin D1 and MIB-1 to assess the diagnostic value of these markers in distinguishing papillary carcinomas from papillomas of the breast, and in determining the clinical relevance of these markers as prognostic predictors. METHODS: The medical records of 38 patients treated for benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast at Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital between January 1992 and December 1997 were reviewed. Immunohistochemical stains for cyclin D1 and MIB-1 were performed in 30 cases of papilloma and eight cases of papillary carcinoma of the breast. The authors performed a statistical analysis of the relationship between cyclin D1 and MIB-1 with respect to the size of tumors, pathologic lymph nodes, and postsurgical residual lesions, and the recurrence and survival rates. RESULTS: Breast cancer or ADH was associated with six cases (15.79%) of papillary lesions of the breast. The incidence of postsurgical residual lesions and their recurrence were 2.63% and 2.63% in all the patients with papillary lesions of the breast. The labeling index of cyclin D1 was significantly higher in the eight papillary carcinomas (36.7+/-27.0) than in the 30 papillomas (3.5+/-4.2) (P=0.001). There was a statistically significant difference betweenn the MIB-1 labeling index of the eight papillary carcinomas (4.9+/-5.9) and that of the 30 papillomas (0.4+/-1.4) (P=0.0225). The cyclin D1 and MIB-1 expressions of the single intraductalpapillomas and multiple papillomas were not different. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference of cyclin D1 and MIB-1 in the eight papillary carcinomas with respect to the associated pathologies, size, positive lymph nodes, recurrence or survival. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that cyclin D1 and MIB-1 might be useful markers for distinguishing papillary carcinomas from papillomas of the breast.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Busan ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Coloring Agents ; Cyclin D1 ; Cyclins* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Medical Records ; Papilloma ; Pathology ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: It is difficult at times to differentiate between a papillary carcinoma and benign papilloma of the breast, and papillomas can undergo malignant transformation. The authors investigated the expression of cyclin D1 and MIB-1 to assess the diagnostic value of these markers in distinguishing papillary carcinomas from papillomas of the breast, and in determining the clinical relevance of these markers as prognostic predictors. METHODS: The medical records of 38 patients treated for benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast at Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital between January 1992 and December 1997 were reviewed. Immunohistochemical stains for cyclin D1 and MIB-1 were performed in 30 cases of papilloma and eight cases of papillary carcinoma of the breast. The authors performed a statistical analysis of the relationship between cyclin D1 and MIB-1 with respect to the size of tumors, pathologic lymph nodes, and postsurgical residual lesions, and the recurrence and survival rates. RESULTS: Breast cancer or ADH was associated with six cases (15.79%) of papillary lesions of the breast. The incidence of postsurgical residual lesions and their recurrence were 2.63% and 2.63% in all the patients with papillary lesions of the breast. The labeling index of cyclin D1 was significantly higher in the eight papillary carcinomas (36.7+/-27.0) than in the 30 papillomas (3.5+/-4.2) (P=0.001). There was a statistically significant difference betweenn the MIB-1 labeling index of the eight papillary carcinomas (4.9+/-5.9) and that of the 30 papillomas (0.4+/-1.4) (P=0.0225). The cyclin D1 and MIB-1 expressions of the single intraductal papillomas and multiple papillomas were not different. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference of cyclin D1 and MIB-1 in the eight papillary carcinomas with respect to the associated pathologies, size, positive lymph nodes, recurrence or survival. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that cyclin D1 and MIB-1 might be useful markers for distinguishing papillary carcinomas from papillomas of the breast.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Busan ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Coloring Agents ; Cyclin D1 ; Cyclins* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Medical Records ; Papilloma ; Papilloma, Intraductal ; Pathology ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate

Purpose: To report two instances of retinal arterial occlusive vasculitis following intravitreal injection of brolucizumab.Case summary: Two patients noted decreased visual acuity approximately one month after receiving intravitreal brolucizumab injections to treat wet age-related macular degeneration. In case 1, an 85-year-old male reported a reduction in visual acuity in his left eye, declining from a Snellen measurement of 0.2 to hand motion. In case 2, a 70-year-old female experienced a decline in visual acuity in her right eye from 0.4 to finger count at 50 cm. Both patients presented with anterior chamber reactions, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated delayed retinal artery filling time, leading to the diagnosis of retinal occlusive vasculitis. They were treated with both topical and systemic corticosteroids. For case 1, a subsequent vitrectomy was performed to remove the inflammatory membrane located behind the intraocular lens. However, despite aggressive interventions, neither patient showed visual improvement. Conclusions Retinal occlusive vasculitis, which can result from intraocular inflammation, may occur after intravitreal brolucizumab injection. This condition can lead to significant visual impairment even with aggressive treatment.

Hyperthyroidism is a well known cause of atrial fibrillation. It is also known that control of hyperthyroidism can usually curb thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation and restore sinus rhythm. In this study, 282 patients with hyperthyroidism were investigated to quantify the incidence of atrial fibrillation, and to identify the vulnerable groups. In addition, we compared two groups of subjects with atrial fibrillation-one group with hyperthyroidism and the other group without
Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; Incidence ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; Thyroid Gland

Objectives: Osteoporosis medications are widely available in South Korea, and well reimbursed by the Government Health Insurance; however, some expensive drugs are not reimbursed. The prescription of anti-osteoporosis drugs (AODs) are increasing for the elderly and for postmenopausal women. We investigate the secular trends of AODs in South Korea. Methods: We used the Intercontinental Medical Statistics Health Sales Audit between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2018. We analyzed the total sales costs and market share of AODs including bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonins, and denosumab using the number of days of therapy (DOT). Changes of prescription patterns including original versus generic drugs, vitamin D combination, and types of medical institutions were also analyzed. Results: Bisphosphonates were the most frequently used drug during the study period although its DOT declined from 92.5% in 2008 to 80.0% in 2018. SERMs were the second-most used medication, and has maintained around 13% since 2015. The proportion of calcitonins has decreased since 2011, mainly due to malignancy risk. In contrast, the DOT of PTH and denosumab increased to 0.8% and 4.7% in 2018, respectively. The use of generics, vitamin D combination, and intravenous bisphosphonates has been increasing throughout the study period. Conclusions Prescription patterns using DOT are changing probably due to the increase in older adult patients and severely osteoporotic patients. There are other issues including safety and the launching of new drugs.