Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two important glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus, play a considerable role in the entry and release stage of the viral life cycle, respectively. With in-depth investigation of influenza virus glycoproteins and the continuous innovation of drug discovery strategies, a new generation of glycoproteins inhibitors have been continuously discovered. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes the current advances in seeking small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins, hoping to provide valuable guidance for future development of novel antiviral drugs.

Hepatitis B virus infection is a serious threat to human life and health. The approved anti-HBV drugs including interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogues have serious adverse effect, rebound phenomena after drug withdrawal, and drug resistance. And the cccDNA cannot be completely eliminated by both of them, which is the reason why a complete cure for hepatitis B cannot be achieved. Therefore, developing anti-HBV drugs directly targeting protein or nucleic acid of HBV remains a current public health priority. Based on the analysis of representative literature from the last decade, this article reviews recent developments in small molecule inhibitors directly targeting HBV from a medicinal chemistry perspective.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Danshen Chuanxiongqin Injection (DCI) on the myocardial damage of unstable angina (UA) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

METHODS76 UA patients were randomly assigned to the test group (39 cases) and the control group (37 cases). Routine treatment of Western medicine and PCI were given to all patients. But 10 mL DCI was intravenously dripped to patients in the test group by adding in 250 mL normal saline three to five days before PCI, once daily, lasting for 7 to 10 days. Changes of platelet P-selectin positive expressions before and after medication, the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI), myocardial perfusion (TMP) score, levels of creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) and troponin I (TnI) after PCI were observed in the two groups.

RESULTSAfter medication the P-selectin positive expressions was lower in the test group than in the control group (2.45% +/- 1.42% vs 4.43% +/- 1.79%, P<0.05). After PCI the incidence of TMP 0/1, the levels of CK-MB and TnI were lower in the test group than in the control group at the same phase, showing statistical difference (P<0.05). No cardiac event occurred in the two groups during the hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONAdministration of DCI before PCI could effectively inhibit the activation of platelets, improve post-operative myocardial blood perfusion, and lower the incidence of the myocardial damage.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angina, Unstable ; blood ; therapy ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Phenanthrolines ; pharmacology ; Pyrazines ; pharmacology ; Troponin I ; blood

Objective To find out the status of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis and the effect of preventive measures in Hebei Province,so as to provide a basis to prevent and cure fluorosis.Methods One affected county (city,district) with drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis was sampled in every city and 10 water improvement projects were investigated in that county.Three villages were taken out in every county.The operating state of the projects,the water fluoride content,and the dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 and skeletal fluorosis of adults were investigated in these villages.Results A total of 93 projects were investigated,among which 94.6％(88/93) were operating properly and the qualified rate(fluoride content ≤ 1.2 mg/L) of the projects was 54.84％(51/93).Among the 9 large projects,the water fluoride content of 7 projects exceeded 1.2 mg/L.A total of 23 villages with water improvement projects were investigated and only 43.4％ (10/23) of them water fluoride content were lower than 1.2 mg/L.The dental fluorosis rate,the dental fluorosis index and the rate of skeletal fluorosis were 33.2％ (532/1601),0.74 and 5.7％ (66/1155),respectively.In the 7 villages without water improvement projects,2 of them exceeded 2.0 mg/L,but lower than and equal to 4.0 mg/L of water fluorosis and 5 of them were normal(＜ 1.2 mg/L).The dental fluorosis rate,the dental fluorosis index and the rate of skeletal fluorosis were 33.4％ (111/332),0.72 and 2.9％ (10/350),respectively.Conclutions The qualified rate of water improvement projects of fluoride content ≤ 1.2 mg/L is low and the endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious in Hebei Province.The progress of water improvement projects in the areas with endemic fluorosis should be accelerated and the quality of water improvement projects should be increased.

Objective To find out the situation of household consumption of iodized salt in Hebei province so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD). Methods According to the "national iodine deficiency disorders surveillance program (Trial)", the county (city, district) was taken as a unit, township (town) and administrative villages were selected in accordance with the principle of systematic sampling, then households were chosen by random sampling to collect their edible salt in Hebei province from 2007 to 2009. Salt iodine content was detected by direct titration method. Results A total of 48 675, 48 448 and 48 756 salt samples were collected from 2007 to 2009, respectively. The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt from 2007 to 2009 was 91.16%, 91.96% and 96.17%, respectively. There were 24.6%(41/167)and 18.0%(30/167)counties with consumption rate of qualified iodized salt under 90% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The percentage of counties with consumption rate of qualified iodized salt above 90% was 100.0%(167/167) in 2009. In general there was a significant differences in frequency distribution of consumption rates of qualified iodized salt among the three years(H = 10.778, P ＜ 0.01 ), and the difference was found significant between 2007 and 2009 as well as between 2008 and 2009(all P ＜ 0.05), but was not significant between 2007 and 2008(P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt at household level increases annually from 2007 to 2009. By 2009,the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in each county is more than 90%, which has reached the national standard stipulated in "the evaluation programs for fulfilling the goal of eliminating IDD at county level".

To introduce the writing techniques for structured Abstract of literature review papers based on the knowledge of corpus linguistics,so as to summarize the stylistic,structural,syntactic and lexical characteristics,objectively and systematically.This research will also faci-litate the authors and translators,who have difficulties in writing structured English Abstract,to publish their articles via mastering its stylistic characteristics,writing format and language.

Objective: To understand the trend of cardiovascular diseases death and disease burden caused by early death from 2009 to 2018 in Ningbo, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease. Methods: The monitoring data of cardiovascular diseases death from 2009 to 2018 was collected from Ningbo death cause surveillance system. The mortality rate, early death probability, years of life lost ( YLL ) and working years of potential life lost ( WYPLL ) were calculated, and the mortality rate and YLL rate were standardized by 2010 national standard population. The annual percentage change ( APC ) was used to measure the time trend. Results: From 2009 to 2018, there were 42 961 deaths from cardiovascular diseases in Ningbo, with a mortality rate of 7.35/104, a standardized mortality rate of 4.25/104, and an early death probability of 0.84%. The APC of cardiovascular disease mortality and standardized mortality were 57.488% and 6.004%, both showing an upward trend ( P<0.05 ); the APC of the probability of early death was -1.253%, showing a downward trend ( P<0.05 ). The male mortality rate was 4.16×104, which was lower than the female's 4.36/104 ( P<0.05 ). The YLL, standardized YLL rate, and WYPLL for cardiovascular diseases were 329 266.65 person-years, 3.82‰, and 18 355.63 person-years, respectively. The overall APC of YLL is 1.700%, showing an upward trend ( P<0.05 ). The standardized YLL rate of cardiovascular diseases increased with age ( P<0.05 ). with the APC of 1.503%. Ischemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease were dominant, their YLLs were 105 949.75 and 46 015.68 person-years, respectively. Conclusion From 2009 to 2018, the mortality of cardiovascular diseases show an increasing trend, while the burden caused by early death in Ningbo reverses. Women and the elderly are high-risk groups, and ischemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease are high-risk diseases.

Influenza virus causes serious threat to human life and health. Due to the inherent high variability of influenza virus, clinically resistant mutant strains of currently approved anti-influenza virus drugs have emerged. Therefore, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs with new targets or mechanisms of action. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is directly responsible for viral RNA transcription and replication, and plays key roles in the viral life cycle, which is considered an important target of anti-influenza drug design. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes current advances in diverse small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, hoping to provide valuable reference for development of novel antiviral drugs.

BACKGROUNDLamivudine is the first L-nucleoside analogue approved for the treatment of the patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) for over 10 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the virologic responses at weeks 12 and 24 for the prediction of therapeutic effect and virologic breakthrough after 2 years of lamivudine treatment in the patients with CHB.

METHODSA retrospective study was conducted with 255 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 122 HBeAg-negative CHB patients treated with lamivudine (100 mg, daily) and duration of treatment was 6 to 72 months. The levels of serum hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA at weeks 12 and 24 were evaluated for the predictive value of therapeutic effect and drug resistance after 2 years of lamivudine treatment.

RESULTSHBeAg seroconversion was closely correlated with levels of serum HBV DNA at week 12 (P = 0.000, OR = 0.394) and 24 (P = 0.019, OR = 0.442), while virologic breakthrough was more correlated with baseline levels of serum HBV DNA (P = 0.019, OR = 1.484) and at week 12 (P = 0.049, OR = 1.398) and 24 (P = 0.012, OR = 2.025). At year 2, the virologic response at week 24 was more sensitive compared with week 12 when it was used to predict the efficacy and virologic breakthrough, but was less specific compared with those at week 12. There were no significant differences in terms of predicting positive and negative values of HBV DNA between week 12 and 24 for efficacy and drug resistance at year 2 in both HBeAg positive and HBeAg negative patients.

CONCLUSIONLevel of serum HBV DNA at 24-week is a proper predictor for the therapeutic effect and virologic breakthrough at year 2 of lamivudine treatment.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; genetics ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore genetic relationships of the 39 materials in six species of Curcuma.

METHODThe peroxidase isozyme (POD) and esterase isozyme (EST) were studied using vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique, and the zymograms were analyzed using the software of NTSYSpc2. 1.

RESULTThe interspecific zymogramatic differences were obvious. Each species possessed its own specific zymogram distinguishing form the others. In the analysis of EST isozyme, C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. chuanhuangjiang had their own specific zymogram. In the analysis of POD isozyme, just C. phaeocaulis and C. kwangsiensis had their specific zymogram.

CONCLUSIONThe genetic relationships are not associated with the geographical distributions and the genetic relationship between C. longa and C. sichuanensis are very close.

Cluster Analysis ; Curcuma ; classification ; enzymology ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Esterases ; analysis ; genetics ; Isoenzymes ; analysis ; genetics ; Peroxidase ; analysis ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity