General regulations for the processing are the important part of processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs. It has an important significance on enhancing the operability of actual production, regulating production of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs, improving quality and establishing drug safety. The article could provides suggestions and reference for future compilation work on "National processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs" by comparative analysis and summary on general regulations for the processing of different processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs in China.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control ; Safety ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; standards

BACKGROUND:Preliminary studies of our research group mainly focus on the role of nucleus of solitary tract in gastric noxious stimulation and acupuncture point, while dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus of solitary tract and area postrema are the necessary component for vagus nerve complex, and dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve plays a crucial role in the regulation of gastric functions. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of acupuncture at Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu and Shenshu acupoints on the gastric-related neurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. METHODS:The gastric related neurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of gastric distension rats were identified using extracellular recording technique, according to neuroelectrophysiology method. Acupuncture stimulation was given to Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu and Shenshu for 15 seconds. The effect of body stimulation on the gastric distension related neurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of rats was recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Among the involved 24 rats, 90 neurons at paraventricular hypothalamic necleus exhibited discharge. Among the discharged neurons, 54 neurons were related to gastric distension. After acupuncture stimulation at Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu and Shenshu, there were 44, 39, 38, 27 neurons giving a response, the reaction rate was 82%, 72%, 70%and 50%, respectively. Acupunture at different nerve segment acupoints can activate the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to different degrees, which is involved in the regulation of gastric motility.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies concerning neuromechanism of acupuncture for regulating gastric function mainly focused on peripheral nerve, involving in central nervous system. In particular, there are few studies addressing higher central nervous system.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of acupuncture at Neiguan (PC6) and Zusanli (ST36) on gastric-related neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
METHODS:Using microelectrode extracellular recording technique, gastric related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus were found in gastric distension rats. Stimulation was conducted for 30 seconds by hand acupuncture at Neiguan and Zusanli. The effects of acupuncture on gastric-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus were observed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The discharge of 109 neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of 60 rats was recorded. A total of 56 gastric-related neurons of the 109 neurons were observed. The number of neurons response to acupunctures at Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu (BL20) and Weishu (BL21) were respectively 44, 47, 29, and 33, with the reaction proportion of 78.57%, 83.47%, 51.79%and 58.93%. Results suggested that there exist gastric distension stimulation and acupuncture stimulations from neurons soma to visceral reaction in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which simultaneously participates in the regulation of acupuncture on the gastric function.

Objective　To investigate the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on vascular endothelial cell injury and plasma endothelin-1 and nitric oxide equilibrium in patients undergoing cardiovascular operation with CPB. Methods　A total of 20 patients with congenital heart disease (Group Ⅰ) and 20 with valvular problem (group Ⅱ) were operated on under CPB respectively. Blood samples were collected from central vein before skin incision, before CPB, 30 min after CPB, at the end of CPB, and end of operation, the first morning and third morning after operation. The levels of plasma thrombomodulin(TM), endothelin-1(ET-1) and nitric oxide(NO) were measured. Results　The plasma TM level was significantly elevated during CPB (P<0.01, P<0.05) and 1 d after operation, reached its peak as (4.88±1.12) ng/ml in Group Ⅰand (8.34±1.84) ng/ml in group Ⅱ at the end of surgery and came back to the level as before operation. The plasma level of ET-1 was also increased significantly after CPB and reached peak as (129.04±22.29) in Group Ⅰ and (156.62±29.66) in Group Ⅱ at the end of operation. And the level was still higher than before operation in 2 groups 3 d after operation. No change was found on the level of NO in 2 groups. Conclusion　CPB may cause extensive acute endothelial cells damage for about 24-48 h and recovered about 72 h and it may also cause an imbalance of ET-1 and NO.

Objective To explore a new method of functional reconstruction of hand digits and joints with free transfer of foot tissues so as to increase the success rate of the operation.Methods After micro-anatomic study of the plantar and dorsal metatarsal arteries,retrograde and free grafts of foot tissues pedicled with plantar metatarsal arteries were designed and applied in transplantation to treat 76 cases of hand digital or joint defects.The surgeries included 58 cases of transfer of the second toe,four cases of transfer of composite tissues of the second toe, eight cases of transfer of proximal interphalangeal joint,and six cases of nail flap transfer.Results The mi- cro-anatomic study found that the first plantar metatarsal artery was anatomically constant and the diameter of its branch to the second toe was larger than that of the first dorsal metatarsal artery.Flaps survived in 75 of the 76 patients(98.7%),with fine appearance and significantly improved function.One patient who had received free transfer of the second toe to reconstruct the thumb function had to undergo a second repair with infraclavicula skin tube because of refractory arteriospasm of anastomosed vessels.Conclusion Transfer with free retrograde grafts of foot tissues pedicled with plantar metatarsal artery to reconstruct hand functions can effectively improve the success rate of the operation,because it is free of the shortcomings of great anatomic variation of blood vessels and time-consuming and complex procedures in conventional transfer.

OBJECTIVETo research the preparation technology and dissolution of Blumea volatile oil suppository.

METHODIn order to establish the content determination and methodology inspection method of Blumea volatile oil plug, the extraction process of Blumea volatile oil was optimized by using orthogonal test. Optimization on the investigation to the suppository matrix by melting time, appearance and dissolution was carried on. The best prescription craft was determined by determining the best molding temperature, dosage of the matrix and complementary makings. The determination method of dissolution was established by investigating different dissolution method and its impact on the preparation of dissolution.

RESULTThe best conditions of steam distillation extracted Blumea volatile oil was as followed, the ratio of gardenia to liquor 1:6, 2.5% drug amount of sodium, 8 hours of extracting time. The optimum temperature for mold was 60-65 degrees C. Preparation technique of Blumea volatile oil suppository was stable, which after 45 minutes and 3 h in pH 4.5 PBS released at least 70% and 90%.

CONCLUSIONBlumea volatile oil suppository with rational prescription, simple preparation and good stability.

Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Distillation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Solubility ; Temperature

Objective To design the small interference RNA (siRNA) specific to human CCL20 gene by RNA interfering technique, construct its recombinant lentiviral expression vectors, and identify these vectors by DNA sequencing. Methods According to Tuschl’s principle, the siRNA was designed and converted into cDNA of shRNA (small hairpin RNA) of siRNA for CCL20 gene. The cDNA was synthesized and inserted into plasmid pHSER-dsRNA-GFP-SIN which was linearized by restriction endonucleases SpeⅠ and SalⅠ. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into competent E. coli. DH5? cells. The positive recombinant colony was selected by ampicillin medium agar and identified by DNA sequencing. Results Two recombinant lentiviral plasmids of siRNA specific to CCL20 gene were constructed successfully. Their DNA sequence analysis completely coincided with their designed sequences. Conclusion Lentiviral vector-based siRNA expression plasmids against CCL20 gene have been successfully constructed and identified. They will be further used for interfering CCL20 mRNA transcription and lay the foundation for CCL20 gene modified human keratinocyte stem cells.

As one of the primary prevention measures to reduce birth defects , the premarital healthcare service has played an important role in the prevention of communicable diseases , maintaining the harmonious and happy mar-riage, health and other aspects of protection of the next generation .Different countries and regions also design and implement the premarital medical examination system based on their actual situations .This article summarized the practices, characteristics and experiences of premarital healthcare services in some foreign countries and regions through several aspects including model , set projects content , financing and other aspects of the application of the premarital results.Finally, this paper put forwards suggestions on the premarital healthcare services in our country to help healthy the carrying out of the premarital work .

Objective:To compare and explore the effects of needling acupoints at different nerve segmentson the oxytocin (OT) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and the intragastric pressure, and discuss the possible mechanisms. Methods: Thirty-two healthy adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were numbered and divided into 4 groups according to the random number table, a Zusanli (ST 36) group, a Neiguan (PC 6) group, a Weishu (BL 21) group and a control group, with 8 rats in each group. Except the control group, rats in the other three groups received acupuncture at the corresponding acupoints. To observe the differences in double-labeled OT neurons and c-fos neurons of the hypothalamic PVN and the intragastric pressure after acupuncture among the three groups of needling acupoints at different nerve segments. Results:Compared with the control group, the numbers of double-labeled cells in the PVN of the Zusanli (ST 36) group and the Neiguan (PC 6) group decreased significantly, while the intragastric pressure increased significantly (allP<0.05), and the inter-group differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The intragastric pressure in the Weishu (BL 21) group decreased significantly, and the inter-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the Weishu (BL 21) group, the numbers of OT/c-fos double-labeled cells in PVN of the Zusanli (ST 36) group and the Neiguan (PC 6) group decreased significantly, and the intragastric pressure increased significantly, the inter-group differences were statistically significant (allP<0.01). Conclusion:Acupoints at different nerve segments have different regulation effects on intragastric pressure. The difference may be related to the different nerve conduction pathways by acupoints at different nerve segments in regulating the intragastric pressure. The PVN may be one common integration center for the regulation of gastric function in the three acupoints [Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6) and Weishu (BL 21)] at different nerve segments.

Objective To introduce a new technique for urethral coverage in Snodgrass hypospadias repair,and to evaluate its effectiveness and complications.Methods From April 2003 to February 2006, this new procedure was performed in 289 children with hypospadias aged 3 months to 12 years (mean age,2. 4 years).The native meatus of urethra was identified subcoronal in 78 cases,penile/shaft in 136,penoscrotal in 36 and scrotal in 16;and 23 cases had undergoneⅡstage operation and re-operation.The overlapping coverage with bilateral shaft based vascularized dartos pedicle was done in the new urethra by Snodgrass hy- pospadias repair in these children.Results All the cases were followed for 3 months to 2 years.Postoper- atively,urinary fistulas developed in 32 cases (11%).Of them,11 were cured spontaneously within 4 weeks. The incidence of actual urinary fistula was 7% (21/289).Of the 21 fistulas which were not cured,11 (5%) occurred in 214 cases of distal hypospadias;and 10 (13%) in 75 cases of proximal hypospadias,Ⅱstage and re-operation.No dehiscence and diverticulum was found.Combined with mucosal collar technique,the ventral skin of the penis was sewn on the midline.During the follow-up,excellent cosmetic results with normal-ap- pearing circumcised penis were achieved in most patients.Conclusions Bilateral shaft based vascularized dartos pedicle urethral coverage procedure is a reliable and effective method for preventing urethral cutaneous fistulas and dehiscence.This method can reconstruct a satisfactory cosmetic appearance of the penis.