Warts, or verrucae, are benign epithelial proliferations of the skin and mucosa caused by infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV). It is now recognized that there are many different HPV types. Especially type3 is most frequently observed in flat wart. Other types, such as type2, 10, 14, 27, 28, 29, 38, and 41 are rarely encounted in flat wart. We describe here a simple and economic method for detection and identification of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated HPV. The method is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction analysis. The method has been developed with cloned HPV DNA and DNA from clinical samples. Clinical samples are from either frozen tissue or paraffin-embedded tissue. Genomic fragments were obtained from two different HPV types (3 and 10). The amplification fragments were identified by a form of miniature fingerprinting, with a set of restriction enzymes that gave a unique digestion pattern for each HPV type. We have tested 74 clinical samples. Only type3 among these clinical samples is detected, and one sample is involved in neither type3 nor type10.
Clone Cells ; Dermatoglyphics ; Digestion ; DNA ; Humans* ; Mucous Membrane ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Skin ; Warts

The HUMACTBP2 locus was investigated to collect population genetic data in the Korean population and to evaluate the applicability for the forensic field. An Automatic fluorescent-based sequencer (377 automatic DNA sequencer, ABI) was used to detect amplified fragments of the HUMACTBP2 locus electrophoresed on 4% denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gels. ACTBP2 allelic ladder consisting of different sizes of 18 alleles was constructed and employed as an internal size standard in combination with a GS-350 size standard for precision of allele-band sizing. By utilizing different fluorescent dyes, both the allelic ladders and samples were able to be analyzed in the same lane by 99% orecision of allele-band sizing. Among the Korean population (n=224), 26 alleles in the range of 239-313 bp are determined. allele No. 6 is found 45 times (0.100) which is mostly frequent, and the rest of allele is distributed with their relative frequency of 0.002-0.100. The comparison between observed and expected numbers of homozygous and heterozygous individuals confirms that ACTBP2 locus is in the state of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among the Korean population. The heterozygosity is 0.9389+/-0.0034(93.89%), and the power of discrimination(PD) and power of exclusion(PEX) are calculated to be 0.991(99.1%)and 0.890(89.0%), respectively, showing the high informativeness for individual identification. Thus, these results mean that the HUMACTBP2 locus can effectively be used for the forensic application.
Alleles ; DNA ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Gels ; Genetic Variation*

The growing popularity of trampolines in Korea has resulted in a significant increase in the number of injuries associated with their use. However, little research has been conducted into trampoline-related injuries in Asian countries, including Korea and the incidence and characteristics of trampoline-related injuries have rarely been reported. In a review of the very few studies on these injuries in Korea, the mean age at injury was younger than has been reported in previous studies from other countries, and 46% of patients experienced fracture. Most injuries (82%) occurred in commercial facilities. In Korea, the safety management of trampolines is insufficient. Hence, safety guidelines for the use of trampolines should be recommended by relevant medical professionals.

The growing popularity of trampolines in Korea has resulted in a significant increase in the number of injuries associated with their use. However, little research has been conducted into trampoline-related injuries in Asian countries, including Korea and the incidence and characteristics of trampoline-related injuries have rarely been reported. In a review of the very few studies on these injuries in Korea, the mean age at injury was younger than has been reported in previous studies from other countries, and 46% of patients experienced fracture. Most injuries (82%) occurred in commercial facilities. In Korea, the safety management of trampolines is insufficient. Hence, safety guidelines for the use of trampolines should be recommended by relevant medical professionals.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Safety Management ; Wounds and Injuries

It is known that humidity in the laser room might affect the outcomes of excimer laser refractive surgery. This study evaluated the outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)according to humidity changes in laser room. Hinged flap was made by SCMD turbokeratome and photoablation was performed by utilizing VISX 20/20 excimer laser system. The differences between targeted refraction and actual refractive error, namely, refractive correction errors (defined by authors)were calculated. We have divided LASIK patients into two groups. Group A consisting of 61 eyes of 31 patients underwent LASIK when laser room humidity was over 70% (average 73%) and Group B includes 49 eyes of 28 patients when laser room humidity was under 40% (average 35%). Each group was broken into two subgroups, that is high myopia (> or= -6 D)and mild to moderate myopia (< -6 D). The mean refractive correction errors in the high myopia (> or= -6 D)was 1.28+/-1.42 D in the group A (n=46 eyes)and 1.99 +/-1.38 D in the group B (n= 26 eyes). In both groups, the difference between two subgroups was statistically significant and high myopes group B was overcorrected compared with ones in group A (t-test, p<0.05). The mean refractive correction errors in the low to moderate myopia (< -6 D)was 0.38 +/-0.49 D in the group A (n=15 eyes)and 0.4 +/-0.38 D in the group B (n=23 eyes). In both subgroups, there was no statistically significant difference in mean refractive correction errors (t-test, p>0.05). The proper room humidity is critical for LASIK results, particularly in the high myopia (> or= -6 D)because humidity can affect outcomes of LASIK. Therefore, the humidity should be maintained properly for enhancement of surgical outcome predictability in the high myopia.
Humans ; Humidity* ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Lasers, Excimer ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors ; Refractive Surgical Procedures

To investigate the change in upper eyelid position after cataract operation, We studied 40 eyes of 40 patients prospectively who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Levator function and vertical palpebral lid fissure height were measured preoperatively and at postoperative day 1, 7, 28 and 56 in and the surgical and the fellow eyes. Postoperative mean vertical lid fissure height decreased compared with preoperative mean vertical lid fissure height in both eyes. The postoperative decrease in vertical lid fissure height tended to decrease with times and these trends had statistically significant correlation between both eyes. This suggests that both eyes are affected by factors unassociated with the cataract surgery and it is most apparent in the immediate postoperative period. In conclusion, we recommend not only the surgical eye but the fellow eye should be evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively to understand the eyelid position after cataract operation.
Cataract* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Phacoemulsification ; Postoperative Period ; Prospective Studies

Myopic discs(range: -0.5D) which were taken a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope(HRT, Heidelberg Engineering) were analyzed to determine the relationship between optic disc parameters and myopic refractive errors. Regression analysis and coefficient variation were used for a statistic tool. The disc area was not correlated with the myopic refractive error(p=0.21) and showed 16.0% of coefficient of variation. Cup area, cup disc area ratio, rim area, cup volume, rim volume, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth and cup shape measure showed statistically significant correlation with myopic refractive error, respectively(p<0.05). Among these parameters, rim area varied least(within all myopic eyes) with 16.5% of coefficient of variation. As the rim area is the most stable optic disc parameter interindividually in myopic population, it seem to be valuable for follow-up evaluation when a glaucomatous damage is suspected in myopic eyes by calculating its expected normal value with a regression equation.
Myopia* ; Reference Values ; Refractive Errors*

Myopic discs(range: -0.5D) which were taken a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope(HRT, Heidelberg Engineering) were analyzed to determine the relationship between optic disc parameters and myopic refractive errors. Regression analysis and coefficient variation were used for a statistic tool. The disc area was not correlated with the myopic refractive error(p=0.21) and showed 16.0% of coefficient of variation. Cup area, cup disc area ratio, rim area, cup volume, rim volume, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth and cup shape measure showed statistically significant correlation with myopic refractive error, respectively(p<0.05). Among these parameters, rim area varied least(within all myopic eyes) with 16.5% of coefficient of variation. As the rim area is the most stable optic disc parameter interindividually in myopic population, it seem to be valuable for follow-up evaluation when a glaucomatous damage is suspected in myopic eyes by calculating its expected normal value with a regression equation.
Myopia* ; Reference Values ; Refractive Errors*

Until now, surgical treatment of bile duct carcinoma has been unsatisfactory. There have been few reports dealing with the clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) and c-erbB-2 in bile duct cancer. To evaluate epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) and c-erbB-2 protein as a marker for prognosis, we analyzed the data and outcome of 32 cases of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma immunohistologically, as well as clinicopathologically. The expressions of EGFR and c-erbB-2 showed in 71.9%(23/32) and 34.4%(11/32), respectively. The expression of EGFR was closely associated with the expression of c-erbB-2 (p<0.05). The expression rate of EGFR was significantly higher in well-differentiated cancer than in poorly-differentiated cancer (p<0.05), but was not related to stage, or lymph node metastasis. The expression of c-erbB-2 was not related to stage, lymph node metastasis, and differentiation. The expressions of EGFR and c-erbB-2 did not correlate with survival. In conclusion, the expression of EGFR or c-erbB-2 may be used as a tumor marker, but not as a prognostic factor in extrahepatic bile duct cancer.
Bile Duct Neoplasms ; Bile Ducts ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic* ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Receptor, erbB-2

Abnormally located liver tissue has been described in the vicinity of the liver proper, near anatomical structures such as the gallbladder, the umbilical fossa, the adrenal gland, the pancreas, and the spleen. Supradiaphragmatic ectopic liver is a rare finding, but has been reported to have been found in the intrathoracic cavity and in the pericardium. In the majority of supradiaphragmatic ectopic liver cases, there was an accompanying transdiaphragmatic pedicle of the main liver body into the abdominal cavity. In a minority of supradiaphramatic ectopic liver cases, the liver was completely separated from the abdominal cavity without a connection between the thorax and the abdomen, with accompanying diaphragmatic anomalies. We describe one case of intrathoracic ectopic liver in a patient with a previous history of lower chest wall trauma, and a brief review of the English-language medical literature on this topic.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Cavity ; Adrenal Glands ; Diaphragm ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Liver ; Pancreas ; Pericardium ; Spleen ; Thoracic Wall ; Thorax