No abstract available.
Hydralazine*

Pathological laughing and crying(PLC) is a condition that is characterized by episodic, brief, contextually inappropriate, uncontrollable outbursts of laughing and/or crying. It can be observed in patients with various neurological disorders. PLC often causes distress in interpersonal functioning and activities for patients and their families. PLC can be recognized easily with proper understanding of the condition and its nature. Also it generally shows good response to various pharmacological treatments. This review aims to encourage the diagnosis and treatment of PLC by providing definition and clinical presentation of PLC, analysis of its pathophysiology and various current treatment options.
Crying* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

No abstract available.

Even though malignant potential of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia(VaIN) may be low, the prevalence is increasing and the mean age at diagnosis is decreasing. Various treatment options have been used for the eradication of ValN, but most effective standard protocol is not present because it is a rare disease. Laser vaporization was used to treat 7 patients with VaIN diagnosed at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital between 1992 to 1996. The patients were from 40 to 70 years of age with a mean 57 of years. All patients had a history of radical or simple hysterectomy, and final pathologic diagnosis were as follows : cervical cancer(n=5), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(n=l), leiomyoma(n=l). Vaginal intrae-pithelial neoplasia(VaIN) was identified between 4 months and 8 years after first operation. All lesions were unifocal disease and found at the upper one third of the vagina. Treatment was performed with a CO2 laser unit and colposcope. Four(57%) out of seven patients had general anesthesia for the purpose of treatment. Patients were followed up for an average of 16.8 months with regular cytologic evaluation, colposcopy and biopsy. Failure of therapy was defined as evidence of intraepithelial neoplasia in any one of these three parameters. Only one patients showed persistent disease and the others remain free of disease. The success rate of therapy was 85.7%(6/7). (continue)
Anesthesia, General ; Biopsy ; Colposcopes ; Colposcopy ; Diagnosis ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Gas* ; Obstetrics ; Prevalence ; Rare Diseases ; Seoul ; Vagina ; Volatilization*

Nine scaphoid non-unions, which were treated by through curettage of the scar tissue on pseudarthrosis, iliac bone grafts between the fragments and Herbert screws fixation, were analysed. The average follow up period from operation was 16.9 months. The interval between the fracture and the time of the operation ranged from 10 months to 48 months(average 21.6 months). Average union time was 14 weeks after operation. The initial radiologic cystic changes disappeared and overall clinical results were improved. Mean postoperative range of motion of the wrist was flexion 55 and extension 45°. Three of them had DISI deformity preoperatively which their scapholunate angles (mean 104°) has been corrected after reduction (mean 75°). In one case among three DISI deformities, partial radial styloidectomy and triscaphe fusion were added (to bone graft and Herbert screw fixation). A case of incorrect positioning of the screw and a case of neuroma were complicated. Treatment of scaphoid nonunion with curettage of the scar tissue and iliac bone graft and Herbert screw fixation seems to be encouraging to regain the normal anatomy of scaphoid and function of the wrist.
Cicatrix ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Curettage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Neuroma ; Pseudarthrosis ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Transplants ; Wrist

OBJECTIVE: Large loop excision of transformation zone(LLETZ) is gaining popularity as an alternative to other ablative or cone methods for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN). The optimal management of CIN after LLETZ, however, remains controversial and the reliable predictors of residual disease after LLETZ have not been consistently identified. This study was performed to identify factors to predict residual disease after LLETZ. METHODS: From August 1993 to July 1995, 133 patients who received subsequent hysterectomy after LLETZ in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Seoul National University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Residual disease was defined as positive findings of CIN or further advanced findings in hysterectomy specimen. The age of patients, the severity of disease and the status of resection margin(RM) were analyzed for predictive values of residual disease. The Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Student t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The residual disease after hysterectomy was negative in 85.7%(114/133) and positive in 14.3%(19/133). Among 19 cases with positive residual disease, 3 cases were revealed to be microinvasive cervical cancer. The mean age of patients with no residual disease was 42.5 years(range; 27-71) and that of patients with residual disease was 49.1 years(range; 33-72). Nine out of 94 cases(9.6%) with negative RM and 10 out of 39 cases(25.6%) with positive RM in LLETZ had residual disease. Two out of 14 cases(14.3%) with CIN II and 17 out of 119 cases(14.3%) with CIN III in LLETZ had residual disease. The success of LLETZ which means no residual disease was influenced by the age of patients(p=0.005) and the status of resection margin of LLETZ(p=0.032). CONCLUSION: The negative resection margin in LLETZ does not always guarantee that there is no residual disease. Close preoperative workup and more aggressive treatment plan(wide conization or hysterectomy) should be considered in patients who has higher possibility of positive residual disease such as old age and positive resection margin in LLETZ.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Conization ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Obstetrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: Cervical carcinoma can be adequately treated when diagnosed in early stage. However, the progsnosis of recurrent cervical carcinoma remains poor. The objective of this study is to analyze the prognostic factors affecting survial of recurrent cervical carcinoma patients. METHODS: The clinical characteristics of eighty-three patients who were diagnosed as recurrent cervical carcinoma from Jan 1988 to Apr 1999 were retrospecively analyzed, The initial FIGO stage of II (67.5%) was the most predominant. There were 9.6% of adenocarcinoma, 9.6% of adenosquamous carcinoma, and 1.2% of small cell carcinoma other than squamous cell carcinoma (77.1%). Diagnosis of recurrence was made by histopathologic examination, CT/MRI, Chest X-ray, intravenous pyelography. The recurrence was detected on routine follow-up in 41.0%. Comparison of Kaplan-Meyer survival curve was made with log-rank test, P-value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall 2-year survival rate was 37.3% and median survival was 17 [13-21, 95%CI] months. Four patients survived more than 5 years. There was no significant difference among survival rates of histopathologic types, Survival rates of patients with central recurrence were significantly higher than those of lateral and distant recurrence (P= 0.009). 13 patients who did not receive any treatment after recurrence survived only for 9 [7-11] months and the survival of those were significantly lower than the survival of patients who received treatment of any kind (P<0.001). The treatment modalities after recurrence did not affect survival. CONCLUSION: We conclude that regular follow-up of cervical carcinoma patients is very important in detecting recurrence and that treatment after recurrence does affect survival of patients.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Adenosquamous ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate ; Thorax ; Urography

Interferon(IFN) has been noted to augment the cytotoxicity of cisplatin analogues and S-FU, and varying degrees of success were reported when combined with chemotherapy in a number of squamous cell carcinomas. The aims of this study were to assess its therapeutic efficacy and to establish the feasibility and toxicity of biochemical modulation of the interferon-a-2a when combined with 5-FU and carboplatin(CBDCA) in locally advanced(> or =FIGO clinical stage IJb) and/or bulky(largest diameter > or = 3cm) cervical cancer. From January 1995 to December 1996, 20 patients with bulky and/or locally advanced cervical cancer were enrolled in this study and received FAC(5-FU/Interferon-a/CBDCA) combination chemotherapy as a neoadjuvant setting. The FAC regimen was composed of IFN- a -2a 3x10(6) IU/day from day l to day 6, 5-FU 750mg/m2/day from day 2 to day 6, and carboplatin at a dose calculated by Calvert formula with AUC(area under the curve) 6.0 on day 2. Three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed with 3 weeks interval if toxicity permitted it. Patients were examined after every treatment cycle and evaluated for toxicities and responses using standard GOG criteria. Two patients(10.0%) showed complete clinical response and 15 patients(75,0%) had partial response. The other patients had stable(10.0%) or progressive disease(5.0%). Among fifteen patients who have undergone radical hysterectomy, pathological complete response was not noted. Surgery was possible in 15 patients(75.0%) and 10 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Lymph node metastases were found in 5 patients(33.3%) and the number of positive nodes was ranged from 1 to 5. The most frequent grade 3 or 4 toxicity was neutropenia(60.0%) followed by alopecia(40.0%), nausea/vomiting(35.0%), thrombocytopenia(15.0%), diarrhea(5.0%), and anemia(5.0%). (continue)
Carboplatin ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cisplatin ; Drug Therapy* ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Management of ovarian carcinoma presents most commonly by surgery and subsequent platinum-based chemotherapy, but most patients will have either residual or recurrent disease. Taxol, a new antimicrotubule agent, has been indicated as a salvage measure after failure of first-line or subsequent chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of Taxol used as a salvage therapy. MATERIALS & METHODS: Between January 1994 and Jun 1996, 19 patients aged 38-64 years(median 52) with ovarian carcinoma were given Taxol-containing regimen. Taxol was administered at a dose of 135mg/m2 intravenously with cisplatin or carboplatin every 3 weeks. The patients who treated with Taxol only were received 175mg/m2 intravenously with same interval. The median treatment cycle was 6.6 cycles(range, 3 to 15 cycles). Patient's response were evaluated with tumor marker(CA-125) and CT or MRI before and after chemotherapy. Responses and toxicities were defined according to the Gynecologic Oncology Group criteria. (continue)
Carboplatin ; Cisplatin ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Paclitaxel* ; Salvage Therapy*