As the third generation of DNA genetic marker,single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)widely exists in human genome and has been the main study methods in human genetics,preclinical medicine,clinical medicine,pharmacogenomics and so on.In this review,we focus on classification and features of SNPs,introduce the commonly used detection techniques and the application of SNPs in medical research.Questions and development prospect relating to SNPs are discussed as well.

The key constructional components for a bioartificial liver(BAL) include the source of hepatocyte cell line, the semi-permeable membrane or bioreactor and the delivery system. The most important part of a BAL is cell line. The properties of the hepatocyte cell line will directly affect the support efficacy of a BAL. This article reviewed the recent progress in researches on hepatocyte cell line used in BAL.

Animals ; Blood Platelets ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dental Implants ; Fibrin ; chemistry ; history ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Gingival Recession ; therapy ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; drug effects ; Sinus Floor Augmentation ; methods

It is confirmed that the adult cells can be re-programmed to embryonic stem cells(ESCs) by presenting some certain factors in oocytes in the clone process of animals. In recent years, some transcription factors that can induce pluripotent stem cells(iPS) have been identified and which made it possible to obtain induced pluripotent stem cells similar to embryonic stem cells. iPS provides a unique platform to study the pluripotent mechanism and to establish some specific disease models. This major scientific discovery can not only avoid the use of ES which involves ethics debate, but also lead the stem cell research to a new field.

The basic physiological function of anti-arrhythmic drugs is affects myocardial cell membrane ion channels. Change the ion flow and affect cell electrophysiological properties, change the conduction velocity, eliminate retrace, inhibit autorhythmicity and trigger events, inhibit the occurrence of arrhythmia, but will trigger a new activities, new retrace, produce new arrhythmia. In recent years, with the improvement of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine and the production of new research methods, Chinese medicine treatment of arrhythmia has a new development. This article summarized the recent decades of which Chinese medicine monomer anti-arrhythmic drugs that had been proved by the influence of monomer anti-arrhythmic drugs, lists the differents traditional Chinese medicinal materials which chemical composition and the effective of the anti-arrhythmic effects, shows the unique advantages of Chinese medicine in the aspect of anti-arrhythmic, and points out that the current Chinese medicine in anti-arrhythmic (monomer) existing problems and solutions.
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; therapeutic use ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; drug therapy ; Biomedical Research ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; genetics ; therapy ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; genetics ; therapy ; RNA, Long Noncoding

Foreign Bodies ; complications ; diagnosis ; Glottis ; Hoarseness ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical value of pleural biopsy in the etiological diagnosis of pleurisy in children.

METHODTotally 213 cases with pleurisy, who underwent pleural biopsy and hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2007 to April 2014 were enrolled into this study. Clinical symptoms, imaging manifestations, pleural fluid characteristics, the results of pleural biopsy and postoperative complications were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the clinical value and security of pleural biopsy in making the etiological diagnosis of pleurisy.

RESULT(1) Of the 213 cases, 144 were boys and 69 were girls, their mean age was (6. 5 ± 4. 1) years. (2) Two hundred and thirteen patients had a surgical pleural biopsy under general anesthesia, the cause of 97 cases (45. 5%) were made clear by histopathological examination, including 35 purulent pleurisy, 55 tuberculous pleurisy and 7 paragonimus infection. For the remaining 83 (41. 3%) cases a final diagnosis was made based on the full analysis of clinical data, including 63 cases of purulent pleurisy, 3 cases of tuberculous pleurisy and 17 cases of paragonimiasis pleurisy but for 33 patients no exact cause was found at the end. (3) The mean operating time of the biopsy was (1. 4 ± 0. 6) hours. Seventy one (33. 3%) patients required blood transfusion during or after the operation. Thirty one (14. 6%) cases used the ventilator after surgery, and the ventilator supporting time was (6. 6 ± 5. 8) hours on average. The wound healing reached grade A in 200 cases (93. 9%), grade B in 13 cases (14. 6%). Postoperative complications included pneumothorax in 92 cases (43. 2%), subcutaneous emphysema in 18 cases (8. 5%), bronchopleural fistula in 3 cases(1. 4%). The average days of hospitalization was (17. 7 ± 7. 1) d.

CONCLUSIONPleural biopsy is of great diagnostic value in the etiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pleurisy in children, and it is considered reasonable to be used in the clinical practice when appropriate.

Biopsy ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Infection ; diagnosis ; Male ; Pleura ; Pleurisy ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tuberculosis, Pleural ; complications ; diagnosis

Objective To perform a hygienic assessment of the three-chamber septic tanks and analyze the efficiency of non- hazardous treatment of feces and the impact on the environment, so as to provide the reference for the three-chamber septic tanks improvement test. Methods From September 2007 to January 2008, the 20 latrines of residents and the three-chamber septic tanks were selected by simple random sampling method from A village of A town , Chongqing , as the investigation point,with suitable economic conditions,the status of the latrines with three-chamber septic tanks were surveyed, and the hygienic and environmental indicators of the third chamber feces samples were detected. Results After the implementation of the three-chamber septic tanks, the rural ecological environment was improved. The samples test showed that pH value was basically in the range of 8-9, the qualified rate was 85%, as for the other indicators, the qualified rates were generally lower. The qualified rate of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen was only 5% , five-day biochemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus was 10% , SS and the color was 15% , fecal coliform value of the samples were not qualified. Conclusion The management of the three-chamber septic tanks needs to be improved. If the liquid dung of septic tanks was directly discharged, it will cause secondary environmental pollution.So it should be deeply treated.