Overexpression of the nuclear phosphoprotein p53 is the most common genetic anomaly found in primary human cancer and mutation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 has been identified in breast cancer cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of p53 protein expression in patients with mammary infiltrating ductal carcinoma and its correlation with histopathologic grade, lymph node status, tumor size, p53 protein expression and survival. Among 53 cases, p53 protein expression was detected in 26(49.1%) cases by immunohistochemistry. There was no correlation between p53 protein overexpression and histopathologic grade(p=0.09) or lymph node status(p=0.38) and between survival and histopathologic grade (p=0.68) or lymph node status(p=0.52). However, p53 protein expression was significantly correlated with survival(p=0.01) and patients with p53 protein-positive tumors showed poorer survival times. But Cox multivariate analysis showed the lymph node status is significant(p=0.01). The authors conclude that the presence of mutant p53 protein and lymph node status may serve a prognostic role, in a subset of mammary infiltrating ductal carcinoma cases.
Humans ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Breast Neoplasms

A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the effects of CNS prophylaxis with 1,800 cGy cranial irradiation on standing height growth of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Seventeen longterm survivors (DFS over 5 years ) of ALL and Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma who had been admitted at pediatric department of Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital from January 1982 to September 1988 were studied. The long term survivors were divided into two groups by prophylactic treatment modality; intrathecal chemotherapy alone (Group I, 7 cases), intrathecal chemotherapy with cranial irradiation (Group II, 10 cases). The heights of each groups were compared normal standard growth of the sane aged children by mean SD score (The SD score was calculated with the use of the following formula). SD score=(x-x)/SD (x; height measurement, x; mean height for age of the normal population SD; standard deviation). The results were as follows; 1) The mean SD scores of Group I and Group II at diagnosis were -0.30 and -0.17, which were smaller than height of normal child. 2) In Group 1, the mean SD scores after the end of treatment were -0.14 of 1 year, 0.03 at 2 years and 0.01 at 5 years, which suggests that were normal height velocity and catch-up growth in these patients (P<0.05). The height of 1 year after the beginning of treatment were particularly smaller than that of the normal children (P<0.05). 3) The mean SD scores 5 years after the end of treatment were 0.10 in Group I and -0.17 in Group II, which shows strong tendency to statistical difference among these two groups. If larger numbers of patients are evaluated, it, however, may turn significant. In conclusion, 1,800 cGy cranial irradiation in ALL children significantly affects on height growth. We recommend to evaluate growth hormone for patient with 1,800 cGy cranial irradiation and to treat them with growth hormone.
Child* ; Cranial Irradiation* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Survivors

To obtain a useful method for the identification of mycobacteria in tissue section, we evaluated 118 cases of tuberculosis: 48 pulm onary, 14 lymph nodal and 56 synovial tuberculosis. Seventy nine of these cases underwent the culture study. Sections stained with anti-Mycobacterium bovis were compared with the results of the Zieh1-Neelsen stain and culture. The immunohistochemical stain for Mycobacterium bovis in al examined cases was not any more sensitive than the Zieh1-Neelsen stain(p>0.05). Neverthless, the immunohistochemical stain was a useful method for the localization of mycobacteria because of the striking contrast between its background and the wider dimension of a positive area. Immunoreactive areas demonstrated a few intact mycobacteria showing a positive reaction in the Zieh1-Neelsen stain. In conclusion, double staining method using the immunohischemical stain for Mycobacterium bovis and the Zieh1-Neelsen stain is an efficient technique in oder to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Immunohistochemical analysis of 24 paraffin-embedded osteosarcomas was studied to evaluate the expression of simple cytokeratin, basal cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen(EMA) according to the histologic subtypes and anatomical locations. Mean age of the patients was 18 years. Anatomical locations of the tumors were femur(8), tibia(10), humerus(4), lumbar spine(1), and zygomatic arch(1). Histologic subtypes included osteoblastic(14), fibroblastic(4), chondroblastic(4), epithelioid(1), and mixed osteoblastic and fibroblastic(1). All were positive in the immunohistochemical stain for vimentin. The expression of cytokeratin and/or EMA was found in 10 cases(41.7%) regardless of anatomical locations and histologic subtypes. Positive immunoreaction for EMA was demonstrated in osteoblastic(5), chondroblastic(2), epithelioid(1), and mixed osteoblastic and fibroblastic(1) types. Osteoblastic (2), chondroblastic(2), and epithelioid(1) types among them also showed immunoreactivity with anti-simple cytokeratin monoclonal antibody, NCL-5D3. The expression of basal cytokeratin (NCL-LL002) was found in two osteoblastic, one chondroblastic, one epithelioid, and one mixed osteoblastic and fibroblastic types. These findings indicate that cytokeratin and EMA immunoreactivity can not be regarded as an absolute specific marker of the epithelial origin of tumor and may also occur in osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Exogenously administered epinephrine under enflurane anesthesia was known to have mild myocardial sensitizing effect. And N2O activates the sympathetic nervous system mildly. We planed this study to confirm cadiovascular effects of clinically administered epinephrine for hemostasis under the enflurane-N2O anesthesia during tonsillectomy. METHODS: Eighty children scheduled to have tonsillectomy were selected randomly and divided into 2 groups as follows; Group E: 1:100,000 epinephrine 2ug/kg and Group EL: 1:100,000 epinephrine containing 1% lidocaine 2 g/kg. Blood pressure, heart rate, and the occurrence of arrhythmia were evaluated before injection, at injection, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 5 min and 10 min after injection and 1 min after operation start. RESULTS: In both groups, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate are increased. But there are no significant statistical differences in each group and between groups. One min after operation, there are significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in both groups (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Under the enflurane-N2O anesthesia of children, 1:100,000 epinephrine 2ug/kg used for hemostasis could be used comparatively safe without any significant hemodynamic changes. But because there is always the possibility of myocardial sensitization, careful observation is necessary during epinephrine injection under the enflurane-N2O anesthesia.
Anesthesia* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Enflurane ; Epinephrine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Hemostasis* ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; Tonsillectomy*

Anesthetists use halothane as a popular anesthetic agent, but after halothane anesthesia, hepatitis developed intermittently. However, it is not easy to prove halothane as a causative agent, because there are many factors causing hepatitis. We had a case of acute hepatitis developing after halothane anesthesia. Case: A 29-year-old male had an operation for split thickness skin graft on the right antetibial area under halothane anesthesia. Prior to operation, he was medicated Cefoxitin 1.0gm tid IV to control infection. On the postoperative 11th day, he developed high fever of 40.5 degrees C. Thereafter, skin rashes and jaundice followed. Liver function tests showed marked elevation of SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, and eosinophillia. HBsAG(-), HBcAb(-), and HBeAg(-) were reported. There also was negative finding in HVA-IgM. He recovered gradually from the hepatitis and went home in good health on the 34th postoperative day. A possible cause or causes of the hepatitis in this case were considered to be the Cefoxitin adn/or the halothane.
Adult ; Alanine Transaminase ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Anesthesia* ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Cefoxitin ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Halothane* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Skin ; Transplants

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of terazosin in chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and compare the effect of terazosin between CPPS IIIa and IIIb. Materials end Methods: Between January 2004 and February 2005, CPPS patients, aged 45 or below, with a small size prostate (0.05). In category IIIb (n=56), the T group (n=29) showed significant improvements in all NIH-CPSI domains and the Qmax (p<0.05), but the non-T group (n=27) showed no significant improvement in the NIH-CPSI domains or the Qmax (p>0.05). Comparing both category IIIb groups, the T group showed a greater improvement in the pain score in the NIH-CPSI domains and the Qmax than the non-T group. Conclusions: Terazosin was effective in all domains of the symptom score and in the Qmax for CPPS.
Humans ; Massage ; Pelvic Pain* ; Prostate ; Prostatitis ; Quality of Life ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis

Although the histologic grade of astrocytic neoplasms of the brain have been used as a prognostic factor, the lack of an objective criteria is possible to create the disagreement of classification. We evaluated 25 cases of astrocytic neoplasms of brain to document the usefulness of prolifera-tive potential of tumor as a prognostic indicator and the correlation with histologic grade by Nils Ringertz. The Ringertz's classification was relatively simple in an application among the variable systems and easy to define the differentiate from grade to grade. The examined cases were com-prised of 7 astrocytomas, 9 anaplastic astrocytomas and 9 glioblastoma multif6rmes. The prolife-rative potential of tumors were measured by Ag-NORs count, PCNA labeling index and flow cytometric analysis. The mean numbers of Ag-NORs per cell and PCNA labeling index were sig-nificantly differ among each histologic grade. In addition, abnormal DNA content and high prolif-erative index were frequently identified in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, the Ag-NORs counts, PCNA labeling index, DNA index and proliferative index were well correlated with the histologic grade.

BACKGROUND: Acromioclavicular (AC) stability is maintained through a complex combination of soft-tissue restraints that include coracoclavicular (CC), AC ligament and overlying muscles. Among these structures, the role of the CC ligament has continued to be studied because of its importance on shoulder kinematics, especially after AC injury. This study was designed to determine the geometric change of conoid and trapezoid ligaments and resulting stresses on these ligaments according to various scapular motions. METHODS: The scapuloclavicular (SC) complex was isolated from a fresh-frozen cadaver by removing all soft tissues except the AC and CC ligaments. The anatomically aligned SC complex was then scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner into 0.6-mm slices. The Finite element model of the SC complex was obtained and used for calculating the stress on different parts of the CC ligaments with simulated movements of the scapula. RESULTS: Average stress on the conoid ligament during anterior tilt, internal rotation, and scapular protraction was higher, whereas the stress on the trapezoid ligament was more prominent during posterior tilt, external rotation, and retraction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CC ligament plays an integral role in regulating horizontal SC motion as well as complex motions indicated by increased stress over the ligament with an incremental scapular position change. The conoid ligament is the key structure restraining scapular protraction that might occur in high-grade AC dislocation. Hence in CC ligament reconstructions involving only single bundle, every attempt must be made to reconstruct conoid part of CC ligament as anatomically as possible.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cadaver* ; Dislocations ; Ligaments* ; Muscles ; Scapula ; Shoulder

PURPOSE: This study was designed to define normal values for a nongeometric MPI in children and evaluate the utility of m%cardial performance index(MPI) in congenital heart disease with distorted ventricular geometry. METHODS: The study population consisted of 44 normal patients and 28 patients with atrial septal defect(ASD) with dilated right ventricle and paradoxical septal motion. Right ventricular(RV) and left ventricular(LV) isovolumic contraction time, isovolumic relaxation time, ejection time, ejection fraction and pre-ejection period/ejection time(PEP/ET) were measured using conventional echo- Doppler methods. The MPI measures the ratio of total time spent in isovolumic activity(isovolumic contraction time and isovolumic relaxation time) to ejection time. RESULTS: In normal children, the RV MPI was 0.33+/-0.09 and the LV MPI was 0.36+/-0.04. In the ASD group, LV function seemed grossly normal but LV EF was significantly lower than normal children(57+/-3% vs 67+/-4%, P<0.05), but both LV and RV MPI had no statistically significant difference. After correction of ASD, RV MPI was increased and LV EF(57+/-3% vs 64+/-3%, P<0.05) as wll as the RV PEP/ET(0.27+/-0.05 vs 0.38+/-0.06, P<0.05) were significantly greater than the normal or the preoperation group. CONCLUSION: Components of the MPI are easily measured with conventional Doppler technique using standard echocardiographic examination. These results suggest that the MPI is useful as a means of quantitative assessment of ventricular performance in patients with complex ventricular geometry, particularly RV.
Child ; Echocardiography ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Reference Values ; Relaxation ; Ventricular Function*