Potassium citrate therapy caused a sustained increase in urinary pH and potassium, and restored urinary citrate to normal levels. No significant changes occurred in urinary uric acid, oxalate, sodium or phosphorus levels. Owing to these physiological changes, uric acid solubility increased, urinary saturation of calcium oxalate decreased and the propensity for spontaneous nucleation of calcium oxalate was reduced to normal. Therefore, the Physicochemical environment of urine following treatment become less conductive to the crystallization of calcium oxalate or uric acid. Twenty six patients with uric acid nephrolithiasis with or without calcium nephrolithiasis underwent treatment and long-term preventive management (mean of 20.8 months) with potassium citrate. Urinary pH increased from acid (5.0-5.5) to normal (6.5-7.0) during treatment. During the period of preventive management, stones were not developed.
Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Citric Acid ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nephrolithiasis ; Oxalic Acid ; Phosphorus ; Potassium Citrate* ; Potassium* ; Solubility ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi*

OBJECTIVE: Nonstress test(NST) has become an important method of antepartum evaluation of fetal well-being. The fetal heart rate(FHR) testing is used frequently as a nonstress test(NST). However, NST highly depends on whom to interpret the result of FHR testing. Recently, for interpretation of FHR, objective decision methods using softwares have been introduced. In this study, we aim to analyse the correlation between each variable affecting FHR and fetal outcome using objective decision basis with principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical observation was made on 5,314 data from pregnant women who took a NST which had been collected from 1989 to 1997 at Hanyang University Hospital. For collection of data and values of each variable, we used our own FHR interpretation softwares, HYFM-I(DOS version, 1989) and HYFM-II(Window-version, 1998). Then, the principal component analysis is performed to find significant variable and multiple regression analysis using these variables. RESULTS: Each groups were divided and classified as followings ; 1 minute Apgar score-normal, 1 minute Apgar score-abnormal, 5 minute Apgar score-nomal, 5 minutes Apgar score-abnormal; there is significant difference between signal loss and 1 minute Apgar score only. And significant difference was shown between mean baseline FHR, FHR variability-amplitude, FHR variability-MMR, and fetal outcomes(body weight of newborn & Apgar score). The FHR variability-amplitude, FHR variability-MMR, and weight of baby were important values in predict of fetal well-being. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, there are close relation in each variable of FHRand fetal outcome. The result of this study would be useful background data in the development of objective and automated FHR analysis software, especially in the computerized FHR analysis system.
Apgar Score ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Principal Component Analysis

PURPOSE: The prevalence of allergic diseases is known to be associated with both demographic and environmental factors. Herein, we aimed to determine significant factors associated with the prevalence of allergic diseases and with total immunoglobulin E (tIgE) and specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed unweighted data collected by the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2,342 subjects who underwent serum tests for tIgE and sIgE to Dermatophagoides farinae, dog, and Blattella germanica, representing a sample of 16,003,645 citizens, by considering the sample weight and stratification. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of self-reported allergic diseases was 37.6%. The prevalence rates of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis decreased with age, whereas the asthma prevalence was not affected by the age of the subjects. When analyzed according to the type of allergic diseases, the prevalence of self-reported allergic disease was significantly associated with various factors (e.g. age, occupation, living in urban areas, and depression). The tIgE level decreased with age, but later increased. Elevation of tIgE was significantly associated with male sex, type of occupation, obesity, and smoking status. However, the risk factors for the increased sIgE levels to each allergen were quite different. Sensitization to D. farinae was more likely in young subjects, whereas the prevalence of sensitization to B. germanica was significantly higher in subjects with male sex, residing in a house (houses), and with glucose intolerance. Finally, young age and the smoking status were significantly associated with sensitization to dog. CONCLUSIONS: Various demographic and environmental factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of self-reported allergic diseases and the levels of tIgE and sIgE to D. farinae, B. germanica, and dog in Korea.
Animals ; Asthma ; Demography ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dermatophagoides farinae ; Dogs ; Glucose Intolerance ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Immunoglobulins ; Korea ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Occupations ; Prevalence* ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking