Hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesaresn section remains as a common and serious complication despite the use of uterine displacement and volume preloading. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of the speed of crystalloid preload for reduc- ing the incidence of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Twenty ASA I parturients were randomly allocated to receive 20ml/kg of crystalloid over either 20min (group 1) or 10min(group 2) before spinal anesthesia. Both groups showed a significant increase in central venous pressure during and immediately after preload, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Six patients in group 1 developed hypotension(a decrease in systolic pressure below 100mmHg and a fall of 20% from baseline values) and so did seven patients in group 2. We concluded that rapid crystalloid preloading did not reduce the incidence of hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and its effectiveness in questionable.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Blood Pressure ; Central Venous Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypotension* ; Incidence ; Pregnancy

This study investigated elementary, middle, and high school teachers' satisfaction, nutrition education, workload changes, and demands in school foodservice programs (SFPs). The subjects were 630 teachers at 12 elementary, 9 middle, and 9 high school within the nation. Ninety five percent of the teachers felt that there was a necessity for SFPs. Middle school teachers (MTs) and high school teachers (HTs) thought that it was necessary in order to reduce the students'burden of carrying lunch boxes. The teachers were relatively satisfied with their school's foodservice management types, food distribution types, meal quality, and sanitation. Elementary teachers (ETs) and HTs had a higher satisfaction than MTs. Teachers thought that SFPs had positive effects on their students' nutrition and health, enhancing desirable eating habits, and socialization. ETs had more positive opinions than MTs or HTs. ETs and MTs thought that their workload had been increased by SFPs more than HTs, but they had relatively positive opinions on the workload change. ETs taught nutrition and health through SFPs more frequently than MTs or HTs. Many teachers thought that there was a lack of appropriate teaching materials. Some teachers thought that the problems in the present SFPs were: a lack of cafeteria facilities, poor quality of meals, and management of leftovers. Their demands for SFPs were a improvement of meal quality and the establishment of cafeterias. In conclusion, MTs had more negative opinions than ETs or HTs. ETs perceived that SFPs had a function as an important educational activity as well as the supply of nutritional meals. MTs or HTs tended to consider only a meal. It is suggested that teachers, especially MTs and HTs, should modify their attitudes and recognize the educational functions of SFPs. Training programs should be developed under government auspices.
Eating ; Education ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals ; Sanitation ; Socialization ; Teaching Materials

This study on satisfaction with school food service (FS) programs was conducted with 485 middle school students and 515 high school students based on FS management type. There were four types of FS management: independent-conventional (IC), independent-commissary (ICM), contract-conventional (CC), and contract-delivery (CD). About seventy percent of the students expressed satisfaction with the food quantity of the school lunches. But one third of the students, who felt the quantity was insufficient, cited the small size of the rice serving. Many high school students cited the small size of the side dishes as well as the rice serving. It is suggested that the meal quantity should be determined in consideration of the students' physical development. The satisfaction with FS sanitation was lower than that with the meal quality, eating environment, and environment of dining room with respect to all four types of FS management, and was lowest in the CD. It is suggested that FS sanitation should be managed more thoroughly for the students' safety, and that the school FS Committee should carefully monitor the sanitary management of the contract FS companies by means of a well-designed and monitored management system. Most of middle and high school students expected good taste and a diversity of foods in their school lunches. Food taste should be improved, and various food materials and cooking methods should be used for balanced nutrition and greater student satisfaction, particularly in contract FS types (CC and CD).
Cooking ; Eating ; Food Services* ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals ; Sanitation

Ketoconazole is one of the broad-spectrum oral antimycotic agents recently developed from imidazole derivatives. Authors performed multicenter trials to evaluate the therapeutic effect of ketoconazole in superficial fungal diseases. One hundred and eighty-four patients with superficial fungaI diseases were included in this study during 7 months from April to October, 1983 Patiets were treated with oral administration of 200 mg of ketoconazole(Nizoral) once a day for 4 weeks.-countinue-
Administration, Oral ; Humans ; Ketoconazole*

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a therapeutic option for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Supraumbilical skin rash is a rare complication of TACE caused by patent hepatic falciform artery. We report herein two cases of supraumbilical skin rash developed after TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma, with discussion on the pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment.
Arteries ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Exanthema* ; Humans ; Skin*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the image quality of standard single-shot echo-planar imaging (ss-EPI) and that of readout-segmented EPI (rs-EPI) in patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one patients with 74 breast cancers underwent both ss-EPI and rs-EPI. For qualitative comparison of image quality, three readers independently assessed the two sets of diffusion-weighted (DW) images. To evaluate geometric distortion, a comparison was made between lesion lengths derived from contrast enhanced MR (CE-MR) images and those obtained from the corresponding DW images. For assessment of image parameters, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), lesion contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. RESULTS: The rs-EPI was superior to ss-EPI in most criteria regarding the qualitative image quality. Anatomical structure distinction, delineation of the lesion, ghosting artifact, and overall image quality were significantly better in rs-EPI. Regarding the geometric distortion, lesion length on ss-EPI was significantly different from that of CE-MR, whereas there were no significant differences between CE-MR and rs-EPI. The rs-EPI was superior to ss-EPI in SNR and CNR. CONCLUSION: Readout-segmented EPI is superior to ss-EPI in the aspect of image quality in DW MR imaging of the breast.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Artifacts ; Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Contrast Media/diagnostic use ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods/*standards ; Echo-Planar Imaging/methods/*standards ; Female ; Humans ; Image Enhancement/methods/*standards ; Middle Aged ; Observer Variation ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio