Objective To investigate the influencing factors of stereopsis and ocular position changes before and after intermittent exotropia sur-gery. Methods A total of 70 cases diagnosed with intermittent exotropia(squint angle>15△and<85△)and treated in the Department of Ophthal-mology,the First Hospital of China Medical University from January 2010 to December 2014,were enrolled for the study. Operation methods was designed according to the pre-operative apparent distant strabismus ,and operations should be taken on the non-dominant eyes to lateral rectus re-cession combined with medial rectus shortening or lateral rectus recession. Patients were divided into different groups according to age ,age of exo-tropia onset,the angle of squint. The outcomes included best corrected visual acuity of eyes,refractive status,stereopsis,squint angle position of eye with intermittent exotropia after surgery. Results Compared with preoperative status,the stereopsis symptom was significantly improved after surgery(P<0.05). Stereopsis recovery and orthophoric rate were significantly increased according to the surgery age in children below 9 years old compared with those over 9 years old(P<0.05). Compared with the group of age≤9 years old,the rate of recovery of stereopsis and the rate of or-thophoria were not statistically significant(P>0.05). There was no statistical difference in the recovery rate of stereopsis and the orthostatic rate of eyes between the groups of 45△and more than 45△. Conclusion Intermittent exotropia surgery can effectively improve the stereopsis and eye po-sition,and the outcomes of surgery are related to the age of surgery. The recovery rate of stereopsis is higher in the patients with intermittent exotro-pia during the visual development period. Regardless of the size of the angle of squint ,early surgery is benefit to the recovery of stereopsis.

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor disease in young children and young people. It usually has strong invasiveness, and conventional treatment cannot achieve the expected results. Therefore, studying the mechanism of tumor cell death and exploring more effective treatment methods is of great significance. As a new form of cell death, ferroptosis has been found to have three main regulatory pathways closely related to tumor cell molecular mechanisms, genes, etc. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of ferroptosis in the treatment of osteosarcoma. This article reviews recent research on the interaction between ferroptosis and osteosarcoma in regulating molecules, genes, and other factors, as well as the application of ferroptosis in the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of propofol on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor expression in the hippocampus of neonatal rats.Methods:Eighty-four clean-grade healthy Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex, aged 7 days, weighing 14-18 g, were divided into 2 groups ( n=42 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C) and propofol group (group P). Propofol 30 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group P, fat emulsion 3 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group C, 1/2 of the initial dose was given at a 20 min interval, 3 times in total, for 3 consecutive days.The arterial blood samples were taken for blood gas analysis after administration on 1st day.The rats were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 28 days after the last administration of propofol, and the bilateral hippocampus was obtained for detection of the expression of AMPA receptors containing GluR1, GluR2 and GluR3 subunits in total and membrane protein (by Western blot), and the ratio of membrane protein to total protein (M/T) was calculated.The concentrations of free calcium ion were measured.The learning and memory ability was evaluated by Morris water maze test on 28 days after the last administration. Results:Compared with group C, the expression of AMPA receptor containing GluR1 subunit in total and membrane protein was significantly up-regulated, M/T was increased, the expression of AMPA receptor containing GluR2 subunit in total and membrane protein was down-regulated, and M/T was decreased at each time point ( P<0.05), no significant change was found in the expression of AMPA receptor containing GluR3 subunits ( P>0.05), the concentrations of free calcium ion in hippocampal cells were increased, and the escape latency was prolonged, the number of crossing the original platform was decreased, and the time of staying at the target quadrant was shortened at 2-4 days of training in group P ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which propofol reduces cognitive function is related to up-regulation of the expression of AMPA receptors containing GluR1 subunit in the hippocampus and down-regulation of the expression of AMPA receptors containing GluR2 subunits, which increases the concentration of free calcium ions in nerve cells of neonatal rats.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of gender on anesthetic potency of ciprofol for gastroscopy when combined with fentanyl.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-50 yr, with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m 2, undergoing elective gastroscopy with intravenous anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups according to gender: male group (M group) and female group (F group). After fentanyl 1.5 μg/kg was intravenously injected, ciprofol was given by the Dixon′s up-and-down method, with the initial dose of 0.4 mg/kg followed by dose increment/decrement of 0.04 mg/kg. The ED 50 and 95% confidence interval of ciprofol for gastroscopy anesthesia were calculated by the probit regression analysis. Results:The ED 50 (95% confidence interval) of ciprofol for gastroscopy was 0.33 (0.32-0.34) mg/kg in F group and 0.27 (0.26-0.28) mg/kg in M patients when combined with fentanyl 1.5 μg/kg. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:There is no significant gender difference in the anesthetic potency of ciprofol for gastroscopy (ED 50: female 0.33 mg/kg, male 0.27 mg/kg) when combined with fentanyl (1.5 μg/kg).

Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration and frailty among people aged 50 years and over. Methods: Cross-sectional data was collected from the first wave of World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health in China. Frailty index was constructed on the proportion of deficits, out of the 40 variables. A two-level (individual level and community level) linear model was performed to identify the related factors on frailty. All the models were stratified by age, gender, residence (urban/rural). Restricted cubic spline was performed to graphically evaluate the dose-response association between self-reported sleep duration and frailty. Results: A total of 13 175 individuals aged 50 years and over participated in this study. Without adjusting on any confounding factors, shorter or longer sleep duration significantly increased the risk of weakness compared with normal sleep time (OR=2.05, 95%CI: 1.71-2.44; OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.12-1.63). After adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, residence, education, family assets, vegetable, smoking, drinking and physical activity, a positive association between short sleep duration and frailty was noticed compared with normal sleep time (aOR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.27-2.01). The results of stratified analysis on sex, age and urban and rural areas showed that, after adjusting for gender, age, residence, education level, family assets, intake of vegetables and fruits, smoking, drinking and physical activity, only shorter sleep duration was positively correlated with the risk of weakness. In addition, among people aged 65 years and over, adjusted for confounding factors, the risk of weakness increased by 91%, compared with normal sleep time (aOR=1.91, 95%CI: 1.46-2.49). The dose-response curve also showed that the sleep duration and frailty present an approximate "U" shaped relationship. Conclusion Short sleep duration might be associated with frailty.

Rapidly increasing intraocular pressure(IOP)is a typical manifestation of acute angle-closure glaucoma and an important cause of ocular tissue damage, vision loss and even blindness in glaucoma patients. The sharp increase of intraocular pressure in a short period of time in acute angle-closure glaucoma will cause characteristic damage to the structure and function of retina, choroid and optic nerve. Currently, the diagnosis and evaluation of the course of glaucoma is largely dependent on the state of high IOP, changes in the optic nerve and visual field damage, but irreversible damage to the fundus has already been made in glaucoma patients by this time. The microstructural changes in the posterior segment of the eye are more sensitive to high IOP and often appear before optic nerve and visual field damage, which can indicate the damage of high IOP to the eye earlier. Through the evaluation of the imaging characteristics of the posterior segment of the eye, the morphological characteristics that affect the prognosis of glaucoma can be explored, which is clinically important for the early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), an abnormal vascular proliferative retinopathy of prematurity, is a serious condition that can lead to retinal detachment or blindness. With the development of neonatal medicine, the survival rate of low birth weight and low gestational age infants has been increasing, as well as the incidence of ROP. Therefore, studying ROP's pathogenesis and influencing factors is of great clinical importance. Numerous studies have been conducted on the risk factors for ROP, including gestational age, oxygen intake, mode of delivery, neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and the use of surfactants. At present, it is widely accepted both at home and abroad that preterm birth, low birth weight, and high oxygen concentration after birth are independent risk factors for ROP. In recent years, more and more scholars have found that abnormalities in blood indicators in preterm infants may be associated with the development of ROP. This article reviews the effects of platelets, haemoglobin, blood glucose, inflammatory cells, and lipids on ROP, providing a reference for identifying and preventing risk factors for ROP.

Meibomian gland dysfunction is a chronic and diffuse disease of the meibomian glands, characterized by obstruction and(or)abnormal secretion of the terminal ducts. Clinically, it can lead to tear film abnormalities and inflammation of the ocular surface, resulting in symptoms of ocular irritation and potential corneal damage that may impact visual function. Meibomian gland dysfunction can be classified into two types based on meibomian gland secretion: low secretion type and high secretion type. The low secretion type further includes acinar atrophy type and obstruction type. In recent years, research has revealed that patients with diabetes experience chronic damage to their meibomian gland tissue in the early stages of the disease, leading to structural and functional changes. The incidence and severity of meibomian gland dysfunction are higher in diabetic patients. However, there are numerous complex factors contributing to this condition in diabetes patients, and mechanisms remain unclear at present. This article reviews both domestic and international research progress on the pathological mechanism underlying meibomian gland dysfunction in diabetes.