In the process of conducting implementation research on health service issues, stakeholders' preference for contents related to evidence-based practice (EBP) and implementation strategies is closely related to whether EBP can be effectively implemented.However, multiple preference assessment methods exist, each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and application scenarios, which makes it challenging for researchers to select appropriate and effective preference assessment methods. This paper aims to review the origins, characteristics, and application scenarios of commonly used preference assessment methods, with the hope of providing valuable reference and lessons for domestic scholars to select and apply appropriate preference assessment methods in implementation research.

Objective To study the effect of social isolation( SI) on the exploratory behavior and working memory in mice. Methods The Kunming mice of postnatal 21 days were divided into the control group,SI 2 weeks group,SI 2 weeks gregarious group,SI 4 weeks group and SI 8 weeks group,according to randomized design with ten animals each. All isolated mice were isolated for 2, 4 and 8 weeks respectively, the gregarious group were housed under normal grouped housing enviroment after isolation until adult, the mice with the relative same age were control groups. All animals were measured for exploratory behavior and working memory by performing open field and T?maze after the treatment. Results In the open field,compared to the relative control group,the central area of the total time in the SI 4 weeks group(0.07±0.04) was less than the control (0.10±0.04) obviously. The central area percentage of total time in SI 8 weeks group (0.64±0.12) were more than the control (0.43±0.08). In the T?maze,the alteration times in SI 2 weeks group (first day (5.92±0.79),second day (6.67±1.3),third day (7.42±1.08),fourth day (8.17±1.27)) were less than the control (first day (6.80±1.14); second day (7.60± 0.84);third day (8.30±0.95);forth day (9.20±1.32)). However,the alteration times of gregarious group showed no obvious change. Both the alteration times of SI 4 weeks (8.18±1.99) in the second day and that of SI 8 weeks (8.29±3.04) in the forth day were more than the control (6.60±2.11) and (7.80±2.53) respectively.Conclu?sions Working memory of SI 2 weeks rats decrease,which can be improved by the resocialization.SI 4 weeks and 8 weeks rats show the decreasing exploring ability and increasing anxiety and work memory.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of social isolation on the cognition and expression of 5-HT2C receptor(5-HT2CR) and adenosine deaminase that act on RNA 1(ADAR1) in BALB/c mice.MethodsThe healthy BALB/c mice were isolated for 2,4,and 8 weeks individually since postnatal 21 days respectively to set up isolation mice model,the same age mice without isolation were regarded as control group.The new object location and the new object recognition tests were used to measure the spatial and non-spatial cognitive function,and western blot was used to measure the protein expression of 5-HT2CR and ADAR1.ResultsThe new object location test showed that the spatial discrimination index (DI) of BALB/c mice isolated for 2 weeks was decreased significantly compared with the control group(control group was (0.075±0.340),isolation group was (-0.653±0.308),P<0.05),and no obvious difference was found for the group isolated for 4 and 8 weeks.The new object recognition test showed that the non-spatial DI of BALB/c mice isolated for 2 and 4 weeks were decreased significantly compared with the control group(control 2 weeks group was (0.088±0.210),isolation 2 weeks group was (-0.945±0.194),P<0.05;control 4 weeks group was (0.105±0.267),isolation 4 weeks group was (-0.506±0.215),P<0.05),and no obvious difference was found for the group isolated for 8 weeks.Compared with the control group the expression of 5-HT2CR and ADAR1 in the hippocampus were decreased significantly for the group isolated for 2 weeks.(5-HT2CR:control group was (1.025±0.144),isolation group was (0.891±0.026),P<0.05.ADAR1: control group was (0.839±0.120),isolation group was (0.629±0.094),P<0.05).ConclusionsTwo week social isolation results in the decrease of spatial and non-spatial cognitive function in BALB/c mice,in the meanwhile,social isolation stress results in the obvious decrease of 5-HT2C receptor and ADAR1 protein expression in the hippocampus of BALB/c mice.

Objective To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of Phlios plate and Multiloc nail in treatment of proximal humerus fractures.Methods From February 2013 to December 2015,data of 37 cases of proximal humerus fractures who were treated by reduction and fixation using Phlios plate or Multiloc nail were retrospectively analyzed.In group one (Phlios plate),there were 10 males and 8 females,with an average age of 56.3±5.8 years,including 7 cases of Neer 2-part surgical neck fracture,6 cases of Neer 3-part fracture,4 cases of Neer 4-part fracture,and 1 case of fracture-dislocation.In group two (Multiloc nail),there were 8 males and 11 females,with an average age of 57.2±7.4 years,including 8 cases of Neer 2-part surgical neck fracture,9 cases of Neer 3-part fracture,1 case of Neer 4-part fracture,and 1 case of fracture-dislocation.Operation time,range of motion of shoulder joint,visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score,American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeon (ASES) score and ConstantMurley score were collected.Results All 37 patients were followed up for an average period of 15.5 months (range,12-36 months).The average bone healing time were 2.5±0.5 months (range,2-3 months)and 2.2±0.5 months (range,1.5-3 months) in the plate and nail group respectively.At the latest follow-up,average VAS score was 0.4±0.6 (range,0-2),the ASES score aver aged 85.4±6.8 points (range,73-96),Constant-Murley score averaged 83.4±7.3 points (range,71-94),and external rotation averaged 30.8°±10.0° (range,10°-50°) in plate group,while average VAS score was 0.2±0.4 (range,0-1),ASES score averaged 89.7± 5.6 points (range,80-98),Constant-Murley score averaged 88.5±6.8 points (range,76-98),and external rotation averaged 40.3°± 7.9° (range,20°-50°) in the intramedullary nailing group.One case had partial necrosis of humeral head in the plate group,while 1 case suffered absorption of the greater tuberosity in the nail group,with the complication rate of 5.6％ (1/18) and 5.3％ (1/19) respectively,without significant difference.The internal and external rotation degrees,ASES and Constant-Murley scores were better in nail group than those in plate group for 2-part fractures,while the forward elevation and abduction degrees were similar.Conclusion Similar results were achieved for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures by Phlios plate and Multiloc nail.The Multiloc nailing group had achieved superior outcomes in Neer-2-part proximal humeral fractures.

Objective To explore the effect of depression on loneliness in medical students',and the mediating effects of introverted personality and social support.Methods EPQ,UCLA,SSRS,and POMS questionnaire were used,and surveyed data was collected from Dalian Medical University medical students.Results The scores of depressive mood,introverted personality,social support and loneliness were (17.77±4.45),(11.97±5.21),(34.52±6.15) and (38.02±6.36).Depression was positively related to loneliness and introverted personality (r=0.286,0.508,P＜0.01),and social support was negatively related to loneliness (r =-0.443,P＜0.01).Introverted personality was positively related to loneliness(r=0.401,P＜0.01).The total effect value was 0.670.The mediating effect of introversion as mediator variable was 0.221,accounting for 33％ of the total effect.Social support as intermediary variable,intermediary effect value was 0.449,accounting for 67％ of the total effect.Standard value of mediating effect between depression and introverted personality showed as 0.508 (95％CI=0.475-0.725,P＜0.0i),standard value of mediating effect between depression and social support showed as-0.150 (95％CI=0.989-1.469,P＜0.01),introverted personality was the mediating variant of depression and loneliness,standard value of mediating effect was 0.156 (95％ CI=0.080-0.232,P＜0.01),social support was the mediating variant of depression and loneliness,standard value of mediating effect was 0.317 (95％ CI=0.177-0.457,P＜0.01).Conclusions Introverted personality and social support play an intermediary role between depression and loneliness.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the disease burden of prostate cancer (PC) and assess key influencing factors associated with the disease expenditures of PC in the United States. METHODS: The total deaths, incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years of PC were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was used to estimate healthcare expenditures and productivity loss and to investigate patterns of payment and use of healthcare resources in the United States. A multivariable logistic regression model was conducted to identify key factors influencing expenditures. RESULTS: For patients aged 50 and older, the burden for all age groups showed a modest increase over the 6-year period. Annual medical expenditures were estimated to range from US$24.8 billion to US$39.2 billion from 2014 to 2019. The annual loss in productivity for patients was approximately US$1,200. The top 3 major components of medical costs were hospital inpatient stays, prescription medicines, and office-based visits. Medicare was the largest source of payments for survivors. In terms of drug consumption, genitourinary tract agents (57.0%) and antineoplastics (18.6%) were the main therapeutic drugs. High medical expenditures were positively associated with age (p=0.005), having private health insurance (p=0.016), more comorbidities, not currently smoking (p=0.001), and patient self-perception of fair/poor health status (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS From 2014 to 2019, the national real-world data of PC revealed that the disease burden in the United States continued to increase, which was partly related to patient characteristics.

Purpose To establish glucose metabolism patterns of Parkinson's disease(PD)at different periods,and to study the changing pattern of target region of interest(ROI)with the period of time,and then explore the relationship between ROIs and cognitive or motor in different periods.Materials and Methods A total of 42 patients with early-stage PD collected from June 2010 to September 2022 in online data from the markers of Parkinson's progression study which included clinical data,and FDG PET imaging was performed at baseline,12,24,36 and 48 months.The data of 8 healthy volunteers were also obtained from the database,and the time range was the same as that of the above-mentioned PD patients.The longitudinal changes of cerebral glucose metabolism in PD patients and the relationship between PD-associated ROI and movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale(MDS-UPDRS)score were evaluated.Results PD was relatively reduced activity located in frontal and parietal association areas and relatively increased activity in the cerebellum,the putamen and the cingulate gyrus.In our study of target ROIs over time,FDG uptake in the caudate nucleus,putamen,pallidum,and cerebellum of patients with PD was initially higher than in the normal group,and subsequently decreased.In contrast,the ROI of PD in the anterior cingulate gyrus,posterior cingulate gyrus,the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata was initially lower than that in healthy controls and subsequently increased.The putamen,pallidum and caudate nucleus metabolic activity showed a positive correlation in 36 month and MDS-UPDRS scores(r=0.659 5,0.678 7,0.716 7,all P<0.05).The caudate nucleus,putamen and pallidum metabolic activity showed a negative correlation in 24 month and baseline(r=-0.541 8,-0.878 9,-0.887 6,all P<0.05).Conclusion We provide 5-year longitudinal data on changes in 18F-FDG imaging outcomes in early PD.In addition,the glucose metabolic activity of caudate nucleus,putamen and globus pallidus are correlated with MDS-UPDRS scores.

Objective:Neonatal mice hypoxia model was established to observe the responses of the main neural cell types in cognition-related brain areas.Methods:Pups at postnatal day 2(P2)were subjected to 10％oxygen for suc-ceeding 5 days,and harvested at different development stage for histologic study.Immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to compare the changes of oligodendrocyte density,mature oligodendrocyte ratio and myelin protein level in corpus callosum(CC)and motor cortex(M1)after hypoxia,as well as the expression changes of excitatory and inhibi-tory neurons in anterior cingulate cortex(ACC),hippocampus(Hippo)and sensory cortex(S1).Furthermore,the density changes of different types of inhibitory intermediate neurons,microglia and astrocytes in ACC were compared.At the same time,the effect of hypoxia on the expression of synaptic proteins was also detected.Results:Quantitative immunofluorescence results showed lower myelin protein levels and mature oligodendrocyte ratio in CC and M1 of hypoxic mice compared with control mice.There was no significant difference in the number of excitatory neurons in ACC,but the number of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)neurons in ACC,Hippo,and S1 were significantly reduced,especially parvalbumin neuron,ssomatostatin neurons,and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neurons in ACC.The number of excitatory synapses labeled by vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGluT1)and inhibitory synapses labeled by gephyrin were significantly decreased in ACC of hypoxic mice.Although there was no significant difference in astrocyte and microglia numbers,microglia were activated after hypoxic injury.Conclusion:Chronic hypoxia will lead to changes in the development of oligodendrocytes and interneurons,impair synapse formation.These results provide an important experimental basis for exploring the neural mechanism of diseases related to abnormal brain intelligence devel-opment.

Implementation science aims to close the gap between knowledge and practice by fostering the uptake and implementation of evidence-based practices. In Europe and America, implementation science is rapidly evolving and improving. In China, the field is still in its infancy. This paper focuses on the definition, origin, domestic and international development, research hotspots, challenges, and opportunities of implementation science. Although implementation science is still at an early stage in China, it has shown rapid development momentum. Chinese scholars, therefore, should leverage China's distinctive research environment to conduct high-quality and innovation implementation studies in order to excel in implementation science areas and lead globally.

Implementation science has evolved over more than 20 years and established a set of theories, models, and frameworks that can be used to guide the implementation process, identify implementation-influencing factors, and evaluate implementation effectiveness. Guided by theories, the implementation research paradigm has been developed to emphasize a problem-oriented approach that seeks to solve problems, identify barriers to implementing evidence-based practices, and selectively employ implementation strategies to facilitate their adoption, implementation, and maintenance. This paradigm also gives implementation research distinctive characteristics in terms of research design, including extensive use of theories, models, and frameworks, alignment with real-world and contextual settings, use of mixed research designs, use of rapid research methods, and optimization of interventions for the context in which they are to be implemented. As the second part of Past and Present of Implementation Science, this paper provides a brief introduction to the theories, paradigms, and characteristics of implementation science.