The effect of macrophage on IL-2 production by tonsillar T cells was investigated. The human tonsillar mononuclear cells were purified by a two-step procedure including depletion of plastic-adherent cel1s and rosetting with SRBC. The purity of Enriched T cel1s (ETC) was 98%. It was found that IL-2 production was greatly decreased in ETC by removing adherent cells and could be completely restored by replacing the adherent cells. The IL-2 production in the same extent was induced in ETC when TPA was substituted for adherent cells and the synergistic effect of TPA and macrophages greatly augmented the IL-2 secretion by ETC. Incubation of ETC with high concentration of PHA or ConA alone resultes in efficient IL-2 production. These results indicated that IL-2 production was macrophage dependent.

In the process of conducting implementation research on health service issues, stakeholders' preference for contents related to evidence-based practice (EBP) and implementation strategies is closely related to whether EBP can be effectively implemented.However, multiple preference assessment methods exist, each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and application scenarios, which makes it challenging for researchers to select appropriate and effective preference assessment methods. This paper aims to review the origins, characteristics, and application scenarios of commonly used preference assessment methods, with the hope of providing valuable reference and lessons for domestic scholars to select and apply appropriate preference assessment methods in implementation research.

Implementation science aims to close the gap between knowledge and practice by fostering the uptake and implementation of evidence-based practices. In Europe and America, implementation science is rapidly evolving and improving. In China, the field is still in its infancy. This paper focuses on the definition, origin, domestic and international development, research hotspots, challenges, and opportunities of implementation science. Although implementation science is still at an early stage in China, it has shown rapid development momentum. Chinese scholars, therefore, should leverage China's distinctive research environment to conduct high-quality and innovation implementation studies in order to excel in implementation science areas and lead globally.

Implementation science has evolved over more than 20 years and established a set of theories, models, and frameworks that can be used to guide the implementation process, identify implementation-influencing factors, and evaluate implementation effectiveness. Guided by theories, the implementation research paradigm has been developed to emphasize a problem-oriented approach that seeks to solve problems, identify barriers to implementing evidence-based practices, and selectively employ implementation strategies to facilitate their adoption, implementation, and maintenance. This paradigm also gives implementation research distinctive characteristics in terms of research design, including extensive use of theories, models, and frameworks, alignment with real-world and contextual settings, use of mixed research designs, use of rapid research methods, and optimization of interventions for the context in which they are to be implemented. As the second part of Past and Present of Implementation Science, this paper provides a brief introduction to the theories, paradigms, and characteristics of implementation science.

Although the mTOR-4E-BP1 signaling pathway is implicated in aging and aging-related disorders, the role of 4E-BP1 in regulating human stem cell homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the expression of 4E-BP1 decreases along with the senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Genetic inactivation of 4E-BP1 in hMSCs compromises mitochondrial respiration, increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and accelerates cellular senescence. Mechanistically, the absence of 4E-BP1 destabilizes proteins in mitochondrial respiration complexes, especially several key subunits of complex III including UQCRC2. Ectopic expression of 4E-BP1 attenuates mitochondrial abnormalities and alleviates cellular senescence in 4E-BP1-deficient hMSCs as well as in physiologically aged hMSCs. These f indings together demonstrate that 4E-BP1 functions as a geroprotector to mitigate human stem cell senescence and maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, particularly for the mitochondrial respiration complex III, thus providing a new potential target to counteract human stem cell senescence.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology* ; Cellular Senescence ; Homeostasis ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism* ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism* ; Mitochondria/metabolism* ; Electron Transport Complex III/metabolism* ; Humans ; Cells, Cultured

In the process of conducting implementation research on health service issues, stakeholders' preference for contents related to evidence-based practice (EBP) and implementation strategies is closely related to whether EBP can be effectively implemented.However, multiple preference assessment methods exist, each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and application scenarios, which makes it challenging for researchers to select appropriate and effective preference assessment methods. This paper aims to review the origins, characteristics, and application scenarios of commonly used preference assessment methods, with the hope of providing valuable reference and lessons for domestic scholars to select and apply appropriate preference assessment methods in implementation research.

In the field of healthcare service, it is crucial to optimize medical innovation services by combining the preferences of health service providers and demanders (i.e., stakeholders). The best-worst scaling (BWS) method is a recently developed stated preference method for assessing preferences with distinctive advantages. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a comprehensive introduction to stakeholder preference assessment using BWS, thus constraining its applications and promotion. This paper introduces the process of using BWS to assess service providers' preferences for the Shared Medical Appointment for diabetes (SMART), an integrated healthcare service of medicine and health management, in the hope of providing reference for researchers for promoting the use of BWS in implementation research.