Hepatitis B virus （HBV） exclusively infects liver parenchymal cells and forms covalently closed circular DNA （cccDNA） within their nuclei. HBV cccDNA serves as the essential template for viral gene transcription， the sole source of progeny virus production， and the key driver of viral antigen expression， and it is the molecular basis for the persistence of HBV infection. Therefore， elimination and/or functional silencing of cccDNA is the key to eradicate chronic HBV infection. This article discusses the critical scientific issues that need to be solved during elimination of the harm of HBV infection from the perspectives of the synthesis， transcription， and clearance of cccDNA， as well as the impact of nonparenchymal cells on cccDNA， in order to provide a reference for eradicating HBV infection in the future.

Caveolin-1(CAV1)is a structural protein of caveolae on the plasma membrane and is an important regulatory factor for liver function.CAV1 regulates hepatic lipid deposition,lipid and glucose metabolism,mitochondrial function,and hepatocyte proliferation through various molecular pathways.Therefore,CAV1 plays a crucial role in maintaining liver physiology during the metabolic regulatory processes such as hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte proliferation.Furthermore,CAV1 is also involved in the development and progression of different types of liver injury,hepatitis,and liver cirrhosis.This article reviews the role of CAV1 in liver-related diseases and its mechanism in the regulation of liver macrophages,so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting CAV1 in the treatment of liver-related diseases.

Objective:To study the distribution characteristics of natural killer(NK)cells and their subsets in normal peripheral blood in China,and to explore their normal value and significance.Methods:In this study,peripheral blood was collected from 200 healthy adults.Their age range was 18-87 years.All the subjects were divided into 6 age groups:18-30,31-40,41-50,51-60,61-70,and 71-87 years.With CD16,CD56,CD4,CD19,as surface markers,fluid cytology detection tech-niques were used to detect NK cells and the relative and absolute counts.SPSS 27.0 was used for system-atic analysis of the data,and the measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviations.A t test,variance analysis or rank sum test were performed to compare the differences between the age groups and the sex groups.The significance level was set at α=0.05,and P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The range of NK B cells in the 200 healthy adult subjects was(0.46±0.24)× 106/L,that of CD3-CD56+NK cells was(13.14±7.56)× 106/L,that of CD56dimCD16+NK cells was(5.23±3.12)×106/L,that of CD56bright NK cells was(85.61±7.40)× 106/L,and that of NK T cells was(4.16±3.34)×106/L.There were no statistically significant differences in CD3-CD56+NK cells and NK T cells with respect to age(P=0.417,P=0.217).However,there was a decreasing trend in the number of NK B cells and CD56dimCD16+NK cells with increasing age(r=0.234,P＜0.001;r=0.099,P＜0.001),particularly after the age of 50.Conversely,CD56bright NK cells showed an increasing trend with age(r=0.143,P＜0.001).Conclusion:The detection of NK cells and their subsets has significant reference value for the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of autoimmune diseases,infectious diseases,and tumors.This study provides a preliminary reference range for clinical detection of NK cell subsets,but further research with a larger sample size and multi-center trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Objective:To investigate the biological characteristics of Kerstersia gyiorum and to support the rapid and accurate identification of Kerstersia gyiorum on mass spectrometry by using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for self-built libraries. Methods:From November 2020 to February 2022, thirty-eight strains of Kerstersia gyiorum isolated from clinical patients of the General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command were collected and identified by the fully automated microbial analysis system (Vitek-2 Compact), the automatic microbial mass spectrometry detection system (Vitek-MS) and the 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Thirteen strains were randomly selected and mass spectra were obtained by using Vitek-MS. The SARAMIS software was used to construct a Kerstersia gyiorum library, and the remaining 25 strains were used to validate the constructed library. Results:The Vitek-2 Compact and Vitek MS were unable to identify Kerstersia gyiorum; 13 strains were successfully built into a self-built library of Kerstersia gyiorum by SARAMIS software, and 25 validated strains were identified as Kerstersia gyiorum with a confidence level of more than 99.0% and 100% (25/25) accuracy. Conclusion:Kerstersia gyiorum has unique mass spectrometry profile, which can be identified as species quickly and accurately by the establishment of the self-constructed library of profiles.

Due to the physiological peculiarities of pregnant women, general clinical studies exclude pregnant women. Therefore, there is a lack of evidence of precise medication for pregnant women with diseases worldwide, which poses a significant risk for them to use medication during pregnancy. Whether to include pregnant women as subjects in clinical research has always been a focus of ethical discussion. By providing a broad overview of pregnant women’s participation in clinical research from an ethical perspective, this paper explored the risks and challenges faced by pregnant women’s participation in clinical research, and provided theoretical basis and thinking paths for how to fairly and effectively include pregnant women as subjects and promoting clinical research on pregnant women.

Given that the current Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in wild birds poses the threat to poultry, surveillance of Newcastle disease in captive wild birds was carried out in Jilin, China in 2018. Here, an NDV strain obtained from toco toucan was firstly characterized.The results showed that the F gene of the NDV isolate Toucan/China/3/2018 is classified as genotype II in class II. Sequence analysis of the F0 cleavage site was 113 RQGR/L 117 , which supports the result of the intracerebral pathogenicity index assay indicating classification of the isolate as low-pathogenicity. Experimental infection demonstrated that Toucan/ China/3/2018 can effectively replicate and transmit among chickens. To our knowledge, this is the first report on genetically and pathogenically characterizing NDV strain isolated from toucan, which enriches the epidemiological information of NDV in wild birds.

The estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer subtype is aggressive with few treat-ment options available. To identify specific prognostic factors for ER-negative breast cancer, this study included 705,729 and 1034 breast invasive cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiol-ogy, and End Results (SEER) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, respectively. To identify key differential kinase-substrate node and edge biomarkers between ER-negative and ER-positive breast cancer patients, we adopted a network-based method using correlation coefficients between molecular pairs in the kinase regulatory network. Integrated analysis of the clinical and molecular data revealed the significant prognostic power of kinase-substrate node and edge featuresfor both subtypes of breast cancer. Two promising kinase-substrate edge features, CSNK1A1-NFATC3 and SRC-OCLN, were identified for more accurate prognostic prediction in ER-negative breast cancer patients.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase ; genetics ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Codon, Terminator ; Gene Editing ; methods ; Humans ; Zygote ; beta-Globins ; genetics

Objective Through systematically reviewing the reliability and validity of depression scales of Chinese version in adults in China to evaluate the psychometric properties of depression scales for different groups.Methods Eligible studies published before 6 May 2016 were retrieved from the following database:CNKI,Wanfang,PubMed and Embase.The HSROC model of the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) for Meta-analysis was used to calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9.Results A total of 44 papers evaluating the performance of depression scales were included.Results showed that the reliability and validity of the common depression scales were eligible,including the Beck depression inventory (BDI),the Hamilton depression scale (HAMD),the center epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D),the patient health questionnaire (PHQ) and the Geriatric depression scale (GDS).The Cronbach's coefficient of most tools were larger than 0.8,while the test-retest reliability and split-half reliability were larger than 0.7,indicating good internal consistency and stability.The criterion validity,convergent validity,discrimination validity and screening validity were acceptable though different cut-off points were recommended by different studies.The pooled sensitivity of the 11 studies evaluating PHQ-9 was 0.88 (95％CI:0.85-0.91) while the pooled specificity was 0.89 (95％CI:0.82-0.94),which demonstrated the applicability of PHQ-9 in screening depression.Conclusion The reliability and validity of different depression scales of Chinese version are acceptable.The characteristics of different tools and study population should be taken into consideration when choosing a specific scale.

Objective:To evaluate the protective immunity by vaccination of BALB/c mice with rLV-HA-GCN4,a recombinant lentivirus expressing the trimeric HA of swine H1N1 influenza virus. Methods:The female mice were randomly divided into rLV-HA-GCN4,rLV-HA,LV and PBS groups. Mice were primed with plasmid and boosted with lentivirus by the administration of intramuscular thigh injections at an interval of two weeks. At day 28 post-prime immunization,mice were inoculated intranasally with 100TCID50 of swine H1N1 influenza virus in a 50 μl volume. The immune levels were assessed by the T lymphocyte transformation test, flow cytometry,indirect ELISA and the indexes of spleen and lung. Results:The spleen lymphocyte transformation rate was 0. 3±0. 11 in the rLV-HA-GCN4 group at day 14 post-boost immunization, showing a statistical significance ( P<0. 01 ) compared to the PBS group. Meanwhile,rLV-HA-GCN4 could cause T lymphocyte response mainly based on the Th1-type CD4+ T cells. The IgG antibody titer reached to 1:8 000 at day 14 post-boost immunization and approximately 1:7 000 at day 14 post challenge. After challenge,the spleen and lung indexes of rLV-HA-GCN4 group were significantly lower than those of PBS group (P<0. 05). The body weight of rLV-HA-GCN4 group demonstrated a slight decrease before 3 days post challenge and then a gradual increase compared to the LV and PBS groups (P<0. 05). Conclusion:rLV-HA-GCN4 can effectively induce cellular and humoral immune response in BALB/c mice against swine H1N1 influenza virus.