Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a group of highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in small B-cell lymphoma, accounting for 6 % of NHL incidence. MCL is characterized with its concealed onset, strong aggression, high malignancy and poor prognosis. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of MCL in clinic. Recently, diagnostic models of molecular pathology, researches on cyclin D1 protein negative MCL, staging prognosis and stratification treatment of MCL are worthy of attention.

Myeloma is a malignancy associated with significant immune dysfunction imparted by both the disease itself as well as many of the immunosuppressive therapies that have been used in the past.The growing body of preclinical data regarding immunoregulatory mechanisms that appear active in myeloma has begun to be translated to clinical trials targeting these signalling axes.This review summarized the current understanding of the basic biology of several immune checkpoint pathways that may be important in myeloma and provide an up-to-date overview of recent and ongoing clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in myeloma.Finally,several current challenges and possible future direction of immune checkpoint blockade in myeloma will be reviewed.

Humans ; Liver Diseases ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Prognosis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disease with complex lesions, and it is difficult to determine the clinical stage. Liver biopsy is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of NAFLD; however, its clinical application is limited by various factors. Therefore, noninvasive methods for the accurate diagnosis of NAFLD are research hotspots at present. Imaging examinations help to achieve qualitative and quantitative evaluations of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and thus has a promising future in clinical practice. This article summarizes the research advances in the imaging diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in recent years.

Achieving HBV DNA negative transformation and HBsAg clearance with effective antiviral therapy can reduce the incidence of HCC, but some patients are still at risk of developing HCC. Therefore, screening high-risk patients for close monitoring is essential to reduce the incidence of HCC. This paper reviews the occurrence of HCC, risk factors and risk prediction models of HBV DNA negative transformation and HBsAg clearance, and provides a basis for screening and follow-up management of high-risk group of HCC with chronic hepatitis B.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide, bringing risk of multiorgan disfunctions including cardiovascular events, complications of cirrhosis, and even malignance. In terms of health burden management, screening patients with high risk of MAFLD and providing individual comprehensive treatment is critical. Although there are numerous agents entering clinical trials for MAFLD treatment every year, there is still no effective approved drug. The nomenclature of MAFLD highlighted the concomitant metabolic disorders and obesity. MAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes had higher risk of developing liver cirrhosis and cancer, and would benefit from anti-hyperglycemic agents; overweight and obese patients may benefit more from weight loss therapies; for patients with metabolic syndrome, individual comprehensive management is needed to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. In this review, we introduced the current status and advances of the treatment of MAFLD based on weight loss, improving insulin resistance, and management of cardiometabolic disorders, in order to provide individualized therapy approaches for patients with MAFLD.

Objective To evaluate the genetic toxicity of Wentilactone A. Methods The classical genotoxicity test combination (Ames test, in vitro CHO cell chromosome aberration test and mouse bone marrow micronucleus test) was used to detect the genotoxicity of Wentilactone A. Results Ames test suggested that Wentilactone A was not mutagenic against Salmonella typhimurium with or without the metabolic activation system (S9) at five doses of 5 000, 500, 50, 5, and 0.5 μg/dish. CHO cell chromosome aberration test suggested that the CHO cells cultured in 4 h and 24 h did not induce chromosomal aberrations in three dose groups at the final concentration of 23.74, 47.48, 94.96 μg/ml, with and without S9. The mouse bone marrow micronucleus test showed no significant difference in the bone marrow micronucleus induction rate of cells at three doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg treated for 24 h and at dose of 400 mg/kg treated for 48 h compared with the solvent control group (P>0.05). Conclusion These results indicated that Wentilactone A did not exhibit genetic toxicity based on the Ames test, CHO chromosomal aberration test and micronucleus assay. It was suggested that Wentilactone A had no genetic toxicity and potential carcinogenicity.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoma without a curable treatment method, which is characterized by MYD88 and CXCR4 gene mutations. The study on clinical manifestations, the pathological and genomic features has led to a series of promising clinical protocols. This article reviews the safety and efficacy of drugs including alkylating agents, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors in WM patients combined with the latest research of the individualized treatment for WM at the 59th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting, so as to analyze the feasibility of basic genomic treatment and current integrated regimens for WM.

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) and nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) are rare indolent chronic B-cell lymphomas. Clinical research has made a great progress thanks to the developments of genomic studies and a large number of overlapping mutational profiles involving NOTCH, BCR and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, chromatin remodeling, and the cytoskeleton. This paper reviews the recent progress of biological characteristics and treatment progress of SMZL and NMZL in indolent lymphoma combined with the 59th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting.

In recent years,ursodeoxycholic acid is commonly used for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC);however,the growing number of PBC patients and the occurrence of suboptimal response and treatment intolerance pose a great challenge to treatment regimens.The approval of the new drug obeticholic acid brings hope to PBC patients,and a combination of fibrates also has a promising future.More studies are in progress.Although new drugs,such as monoclonal antibody,fibroblast growth factor 19,and sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor,have limited efficacy data,they provide new directions for the treatment of PBC.With the help of individualized follow-up and stratified therapy,the management of PBC patients will enter a new stage.