Malnutrition is a common complication of cancer patients, and solving nutrition problems is still one of the challenging tasks in clinical practice. The incidence of malnutrition in head and neck cancer patients during the peri-radiotherapeutic period is high, which is not only related to disease-mediated metabolic disorders, complications and psychological factors, but also associated with the toxic and side effects induced by radiotherapy. Malnutrition will reduce the tolerance, accuracy, and therapeutic effects of radiotherapy, which in turn lowers the quality of life and even adversely affects the prognosis of disease. Medical nutrition therapy can improve the nutritional status of the body, ensure smooth progress of radiotherapy, and improve the efficacy of comprehensive cancer treatment. It is necessary and urgent to deliver standardized nutrition therapy and management of head and neck cancer patients during the peri-radiotherapeutic period. Nutritional risk screening, nutritional assessment, and acute radiation injury assessment are required to develop an individualized nutrition treatment plan and make dynamic adjustment. In this article, relevant literature of nutrition therapy for head and neck radiotherapy at home and abroad was summarized, and the standardized nutrition therapy for head and neck cancer patients during the peri-radiotherapeutic period was reviewed.

As a promising method in artificial intelligence, deep learning has been proven successful in several domains ranging from acoustics and images to natural language processing. With medical imaging becoming an important part of disease screening and diagnosis, deep learning-based approaches have emerged as powerful techniques in medical image areas. In this process, feature representations are learned directly and automatically from data, leading to remarkable breakthroughs in the medical field. Deep learning has been widely applied in medical imaging for improved image analysis. This paper reviews the major deep learning techniques in this time of rapid evolution and summarizes some of its key contributions and state-of-the-art outcomes. The topics include classification, detection, and segmentation tasks on medical image analysis with respect to pulmonary medical images, datasets, and benchmarks. A comprehensive overview of these methods implemented on various lung diseases consisting of pulmonary nodule diseases, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and interstitial lung disease is also provided. Lastly, the application of deep learning techniques to the medical image and an analysis of their future challenges and potential directions are discussed.

Enamel formation is a complex physiological process that depends on the coordinated regulation of multiple mechanisms. This process is quite sensitive to various local and systemic interference factors. Therefore, during the long period from the embryonic stage to adolescence or even adulthood, various interference factors may lead to enamel developmental defects. Among them, early life is the most sensitive stage to environmental factors exposure, while it is also the critical period of enamel development of deciduous and permanent teeth. Environmental factors exposure during this period often leads to varying degrees of enamel development defects. In this review, we generalize the research progress of environmental factors affecting enamel developmental defects, summarize the potential mechanisms of environmental factors leading to enamel developmental defects, and conclude the clinical management strategies based on tertiary prevention. This work hopes to provide a theoretical basis for preventing abnormal teeth development from the critical time window of early life, propose eugenics health consultation and promote children ′s oral health management.

Flavonoids have been reported to possess significant pharmacological activities,such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, the low solubility and low bioavailability limits their clinical application. Nanocrystal technology can solve the delivery problems of flavonoids by reducing particle size, increasing the solubility of insoluble drugs and improving their bioavailability. This article summaries nanosuspension preparation methods and the stabilizers for flavonoid nanocrystals, and reviews the drug delivery routes including oral, Injection and transdermal of flavonoid nanocrystals, to provide information for further research on nanocrystal delivery system of flavonoids.
Flavonoids/pharmacology* ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry* ; Biological Availability ; Nanoparticles/chemistry* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Particle Size

Objective:Hypoxia is a common pathological phenomenon,usually caused by insufficient oxygen supply or inability to use oxygen effectively.Hydroxylated and methoxylated flavonoids have significant anti-hypoxia activity.This study aims to explore the synthesis,antioxidant and anti-hypoxia activities of 6-hydroxygenistein(6-OHG)and its methoxylated derivatives. Methods:The 6-OHG and its methoxylated derivatives,including 4',6,7-trimethoxy-5-hydroxyisoflavone(compound 3),4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyisoflavone(compound 4),4',6-imethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyisoflavone(compound 6),and 4'-methoxy-5,6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone(compound 7),were synthesized by methylation,bromination,methoxylation,and demethylation using biochanin A as raw material.The structure of these products were characterized by 1hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(1H-NMR)and mass spectrometry(MS).The purity of these compounds was detected by high pressure chromatography(HPLC).The antioxidant activity in vitro was investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical(DPPH)free radical scavenging assay.PC12 cells were divided into a normal group,a hypoxia model group,rutin(1×10-9-1×10-5 mol/L)groups,and target compounds(1×10-9-1×10-5 mol/L)groups under normal and hypoxic conditions.Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay,the target compounds with excellent anti-hypoxia activity and the drug concentration at the maximum anti-hypoxia activity were screened.PC12 cells were treated with the optimal concentration of the target compound or rutin with excellent anti-hypoxia activity,and the cell morphology was observed under light microscope.The apoptotic rate was determined by flow cytometry,and the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)were detected by Western blotting. Results:The structure of 6-OHG and its 4 methylated derivatives were correct,and the purity was all more than 97%.When the concentration was 4 mmol/L,the DPPH free radical removal rates of chemical compounds 7 and 6-OHG were 81.16%and 86.94%,respectively,which were higher than those of rutin,the positive control.The removal rates of chemical compounds 3,4,and 6 were all lower than 20%.Compared with the normal group,the cell viability of the hypoxia model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the hypoxia model group,compounds 3,4,and 6 had no significant effect on cell viability under hypoxic conditions.At all experimental concentrations,the cell viability of the 6-OHG group was significantly higher than that of the hypoxia model group(all P<0.05).The cell viability of compound 7 group at 1×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L was significantly higher than that of the hypoxia model group(both P<0.05).The anti-hypoxia activity of 6-OHG and compound 7 was excellent,and the optimal drug concentration was 1×10-6 and 1×10-7 mol/L.After PC12 cells was treated with 6-OHG(1×10-6 mol/L)and compound 7(1×10-7 mol/L),the cell damage was reduced,the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the protein expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF were significantly decreased in comparison with the hypoxia model group(both P<0.01). Conclusion:The optimized synthesis route can increase the yield of 6-OHG and obtain 4 derivatives by methylation and selective demethylation.6-OHG and compound 7 have excellent antioxidant and anti-hypoxia activities,which are related to the structure of the A-ring ortho-triphenol hydroxyl group in the molecule.

To investigate the active compounds from on the heart and brain of mice at simulated high altitude.Fifty healthy male adult BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group, hypoxic model group, acetazolamide group, petroleum ether extract of (PESI) group and octacosan group with 10 mice in each group. Acetazolamide group, PESI group and octacosan group were treated with acetazolamide PESI (200 mg/kg) or octacosan by single tail vein injection, respectively. Except normal control group, the mice were exposed to a simulated high altitude of for in an animal decompression chamber. After the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the heart and brain were histologically observed by HE staining; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, heart and brain tissues were detected by WST-1 method, ABTS method and TBA method, respectively; lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in plasma, heart and brain tissues were detected by colorimetric method and microwell plate method, respectively; ATP content and ATPase activity in heart and brain tissues were detected by colorimetric method. PESI and octacosane significantly attenuated the pathological damages of heart and brain tissue at simulated high altitude; increased SOD activity, T-AOC and LDH activity, and decreased the contents of MDA and lactic acid in plasma, heart and brain tissues; increased the content of ATP in heart and brain tissues; increased the activities of Na-K ATPase, Mg ATPase, Ca ATPase and Ca-Mg ATPase in myocardial tissue; and increased the activities of Mg ATPase, Ca-Mg ATPase in brain tissue. PESI and octacosan exert anti-hypoxic activity by improving the antioxidant capacity, reducing the free radical levels, promoting the anaerobic fermentation, and alleviating the energy deficiency and metabolic disorders caused by hypoxia in mice.
Altitude ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism* ; Heart ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism*

There is still a lack of sufficient evidence-based basis for the treatment of simple gaming disorder. The purpose of this paper is to review the research progress of gaming disorder intervention， in order to provide references for the treatment of patients with gaming disorder. With the development and popularization of the Internet， the adverse events caused by the pathological use of online games have attracted wide attention. At present， gaming disorder has been listed in the International Classification of Diseases， eleventh edition （ICD-11） by WHO. This paper reviewed the latest interventions measures about gaming disorder at home and abroad in the past decade， including psychological， pharmacological and physical intervention methods， and analyzed and summarized these intervention measures， so as to provide references for patients with gaming disorder to formulate a reasonable intervention plan.