Objective:To investigate the application value of artificial neural network in laparoscopic surgery training.Methods:The prospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 158 trainees from the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University between Semptember and November, 2019 who had no experience in laparoscopic technology were selected for laparoscopic surgery training, including 52 graduate students of surgery from grade 2019, 2018 and 2017, 58 surgeons receiving standardized residency training, 12 interns and 36 refresher physicians. The 158 trainees were divided into two groups using the random number table. Trainees trained by artificial neural network laparoscopic simulator were allocated into artificial neural network group, and trainees trained by box laparoscopic simulator were allocated into general laparoscopic simulator group. Trainees in both groups were trained using the laparoscopic simulator for 10 hours (5-day continuous training, 2 hours per day) on fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery. Observation indicators: (1) comparison of operation grades on laparoscopic simulator before and after training in the two groups; (2) comparison of improvement of the operation grades on laparoscopic simulator after training between the two groups. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, comparison within groups was analyzed using the paired t test and comparison between groups was analyzed using the independent sample t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range). Results:A total of 158 trainees were selected for eligibility, including 140 males and 18 females, aged from 23 to 34 years, with a median age of 27 years. Of the 158 trainees, 79 were in the artificial neural network group and 79 were in the general laparoscopic simulator group. (1) Comparison of operation grades on laparoscopic simulator before and after training in the two groups: operation grades of the nails transferring, pattern cutting, ligation, sewing knots in vivo and sewing knots in vitro for the artificial neural network group before training were 51.2±4.9, 45.6±3.7, 43.0±3.6, 42.1±3.1, and 39.6±3.1, respectively. The above indicators for the artificial neural network group after training were 78.6±3.0, 76.4±3.9, 79.9±2.5, 78.3±3.5, and 84.1±3.8, respectively. There were significant differences in the above indicators for the artificial neural network group before and after training ( t=-42.490, -56.256, -80.373, -70.802, -79.742, P<0.05). The above indicators for the general laparoscopic simulator group before training were 50.1±2.9, 45.4±3.9, 42.7±3.0, 42.3±3.4, and 39.2±4.7, respectively. The above indicators for the general laparoscopic simulator group after training were 70.4±5.0, 69.8±4.0, 72.3±3.3, 72.3±3.5, and 72.8±3.2, respectively. There were significant differences in the above indicators for the general laparoscopic simulator group before and after training ( t=-28.942, -42.436, -58.357, -52.322, -53.098, P<0.05). (2) Comparison of improvement of the operation grades on laparoscopic simulator after training between the two groups: improvement of the operation grades in the nails transferring, pattern cutting, ligation, sewing knots in vivo and sewing knots in vitro for the artificial neural network group after training were 27.4±5.7, 30.8±5.0, 36.9±4.1, 36.2±4.5 and 39.5±5.4, respectively. The above indicators for the general laparoscopic simulator group after training were 20.3±6.2, 24.4±5.1, 29.6±4.5, 29.9±5.1 and 33.5±5.6, respectively. There were significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( t=7.597, 7.946, 10.638, 8.200, 6.969, P<0.05). Conclusion:The introduction of artificial neural network in laparoscopic surgery training can improve the training effects.

Objective:To investigate the application value of digital single-operator peroral cholangioscopy on the preoperative evaluation of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Methods:The propensity score matching and retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 172 patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from December 1, 2017 to April 1, 2022 were collected. There were 91 males and 81 females, aged 65(range, 45?68)years. Of 172 patients, 36 cases undergoing preoperative digital single-operator peroral cholangioscopy examination were allocated into the experimental group, and 136 cases not undergoing preoperative digital single-operator peroral cholangioscopy examination were allocated into the control group. Observation indicators: (1) propensity score matching and comparison of general data of patients between the two groups after matching; (2) surgical conditions. Propensity score matching was done by the 1:1 nearest neighbor matching method and caliper setting as 0.02. Measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as Mean± SD, and t test was used for comparison between groups. Measurement data with skewed distribution were expressed as M( Q1,Q3), and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups. Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The rank sum test was used for comparison of ordinal data. Results:(1) Propensity score matching and comparison of general data of patients between the two groups after matching. Of 172 patients, 60 cases were successfully matched, including 30 cases in the experiment group and 30 cases in the control group, respectively. Before propensity score matching, cases with or without preoperative bile drainage were 27, 9 in the experiment group, versus 62, 74 in the control group, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=9.86, P<0.05). The above indicators were 23, 7 in the experiment group, and 23, 7 in the control group after propensity score matching, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=0.00, P>0.05). The elimination of preoperative bile drainage confounding bias ensured comparability between the two groups. (2) Surgical conditions. After propensity score matching, there were 10 cases and 0 case without surgery in the two groups. Cases undergoing radical operation including R 0, R 1, R 2 resection were 16, 0, 4 in the experiment group, versus 18, 6, 6 in the control group, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=6.85, P<0.05). Conclusions:Preoperative digital single-operator peroral cholangioscopy exami-nation can improve the R 0 resection rate of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.