Objective The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze perioperative managements of very-low-birth-weight(VLBW) preterms with hemodynamic significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA).Methods Between January 2006 and December 2011,totally 22 VLBW preterms with hsPDA underwent surgical ductal ligation.There were 12 boys and 10 girls.The median gestatianal age was 29 weeks (24 + 5-32 +6 weeks).The birth weight was (1103 ± 228) g(640-1440 g).The Apgar score was 6.1 ± 2.2 at 1 minute,8.6 ± 1.2 at 5 minutes.The average ductal size was (3.79 ± 1.01)mm (2.0-5.9 mm)、(2.69 ± 0.84) mm/kg(1.23-4.23 mm/kg),left atrial diameter to aortic root ratio(LA:AO) was 1.69 ± 0.41.The median weight at surgery was 1500 g(640-2100 g),average (1512 ±539) g.The median age at surgery was 24 days (11-167 days).Results 1 case death because of anesthetic accident.The average hospitalization days were (67.1 ± 36.1) days.The days of ventilation treatment after surgery were 2-44 days,15 cases (68.2％) weaned from mechanical ventilation within seven days after surgeries.The complications includes pulmonary hemorrhage (18.2％),necrotizing enterocolitis (13.6％),septicemia(22.7％),broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (63.7％),brain injury(18.1％),retinopathy of prematurity (31.8％),pneumonia (86.4％) and metabolic acidosis (45.5 ％).Conclusion For VLBW preterms with hsPDA,early diagnosis and early interfere are key points.Surgical PDA ligation is a promising option to avoid severe complications when medical treatments are ineffective.

Objective Norwood StageⅠis the standard procedure to cope with hypoplastic left heart syndrome(HLHS), which continues to be the most challenging congenital heart disease .The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyse the perio-perative management of Norwood StageⅠ.Methods Between June 2010 and August 2014, totally 5 small infants with HLHS underwent the standard Norwood StageⅠprocedure.They were all boys.Age at surgeries ranged from 29 to 75 days, and weight from 2.57-3.50 kg with median of 3.13 kg.Case 1, 2 and 3 received standard medical regimen after accessing NICU, which included intravenous prostaglandin E1 and mechanical ventilation.The 3 infants underwent emergent operations because of unstable hemodynamics.Case 4 and 5 received no medical intervention before the urgent surgeries.All 5 cases underwent the standard Norwood StageⅠprocedure under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, including 4 cases of modified Blalock-Taus-sig shunt( MBTS) and 1 case of Sano shunt.Results The case with Sano shunt died from severe hypoxemia and persistent aci-dosis 32 hours after the operation, another case died from low cardiac output syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass.The first case underwent bidirectional Glenn procedure 12 months after Norwood Stage I, the postoperative heart function was NYHA I and the oxygen saturation was 0.90-0.95 in room air, but he died from accidental brain injury 3 months after stage Ⅱ.The second case was followed up 3 months after stage I procedure with NYHA I and oxygen saturation of 0.78-0.83 in room air, and lost the follow-up after.The fifth case was followed up 3 months after stageⅠprocedure with NYHAⅠ, confluent MBTS and oxygen saturation of 0.84, the patient is being followed up and waiting for further evaluation for stageⅡprocedures.Con-clusion The standard Norwood StageⅠprocedure is a complex procedure, which demands multidisplinary cooperation, to pal-liatively correct HLHS .Sharing expericences on perioperative managements of Norwood Stage I between heart centers in China will be helpful to decrease the mortality and morbidity in relatively short period .

Objective Retrospectively analyze primary experences of surgical correction of complicated aortic arch anomaly with autologous palmonary artery.Methods Between July 2010 and December 2012,13 cases of complicated aortic arch anomaly underwent reconstruction of aortic arch with autologous pulmonary artery.Classifications of aortic arch anomaly were interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect in 4 patients,ventricular septal defect associated with coarctation in nine patients.There were 7 males and 6 females.Their age at surgeries ranged from 1 month to 16 years,and the body weight were from 3.5 kg to 52.0 kg with median weight of 12.6 kg.Cardiopulmonary bapass was estabished with dual arterial cannulations in patients with interrupted aortic arch.During cooling to deep hypothermia(rectal temperature was 18 ℃),intracardiac defects were totally corrected.Arch anomaly was reconstructed under deep hypothermia,including deep hypothermic cardiac arrest(DHCA) in 9 patients,deep hypothermia with regional perfusion in 4 patients.Anterior wall of pulmonary artery was excised in all of 13 patients.In 4 cases,the excised wall of anterior wall of pulmonary artery was sutured to form a conduit with different diameters according to the patient's bady surface area.Two ends of the conduit were anastomosed the aortic arch and desceding aorta respectively.In another 9 patients,aortic arch was augmented with tailored pulmonary artery patch in oval shape.The defect of pulmonary artery was repaired with autologous pericardial patch.Results There was only 1 death due tomutiple organ failure postoperatively.Another 12 patients survived without neurologic complications.Differences of arterial pressures between upper and lower extremeties were not monitored in all cases.During follow-up,routine echocardiogram showed satisfactory results with unobstructive blood flow at the aortic arch.Conclusion Autologous pulmonary artery can be used to relieved complicated aortic arch anomaly completely without any tension of anastomosis site and compression of left main bronchea postoperatively.More patients with long-term follow-up are necessary to draw an accurate conclusion of this technique.

Objective To evaluate the role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in perioperative period of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD).Methods From July 2011 to December 2012,TEE was used in 393 pediatric patients(≤ 14 years) with congenital heart disease in perioperative period.We make a retrospective review with the clinical data of these cases.Results Operative schemes or therapeutic schedules of 60 patients(15.3％) were altered according to TEE.By preoperative TEE,the diagnosis of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) of 4 cases(1.0％) were amended,4 cases (1.0％) were complemented,and 4 cases (1.0％) got the auxiliary diagnosis,among which operative schemes of 11 cases (2.8％)were altered.During the operate,29 cases(7.4％) found residual problems,11 cases(2.8％) got the auxiliary diagnosis.By postoperative TEE,7 cases(1.8％) found residual problems,1 case(0.3％) got the auxiliary diagnosis.Complications occurred in 9 cases(2.3％) of the 393 patients.Oral and pharyngeal mucous membrane bleeding occurred in 7 cases (1.8％),inadvertent tracheal extubation in 2 cases(0.5％).Conclusion TEE plays an important role in confirming preoperative diagnoses,formulating surgical plans,evaluating immediate operative results,identifying patients with residual defects and guiding the therapeutic schedule in perioperative period of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.

Objective The aim of this article is to review and analyze the timing and surgical management of mediate and severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation(AVVR) in single-ventricle patients.Methods Between June 2006 and October 2011,twenty-three cases of single-ventricle patients accompanied with AVVR underwent atrioventricular valve plasty or replacement.There were 17 males and 6 females.Their ages ranged from 2.1 to 22.0 years,and their weight from 12.5 to 59.0 kg.There were 3 cases of A type of single ventricle,17 of B type,2 of C type,and 1 of D type.All cases had one atrioventricular valve except one of D type with 2 groups of atrioventricular valves.There were 18 patients with sever AVVR and 5 with the moderate.Before the management of AVVR,12 patients had undergone the first stage palliation,including B-D Glenn procedure 11 cases and A-P shunt 1 case.The periods between the two stages operations were 7-96 months.Among the all,there were 7 cases of atrioventricular valve replacement ; 3 cases of atrioventricular valve replacement and TCPC ; 5 cases of atrioventricular valve replacement and B-D Glenn procedure ; 2 cases of atrioventricular valve repair and TCPC ; 4 cases of atrioventricula repair and B-D Glenn procedure; 1 case of atrioventricular valve repair,B-D Glenn procedure and TAPVC repair; 1 case of atrioventricular valve repair,B-D Glenn procedure,PA Banding and TAPVC repair.Results In this group,there were 65.2％ patients who underwent atrioventricular valve replacement.The ones with moderate regurgitation underwent atrioventricular valve repair.Only 3 of the 18 cases with severe regurgitation could underwent atrioventricular valve repair(P =0.002).Three cases died.The mortality was 13％.All cases undergone atrioventricular valve repair were alive.The mortality of atrioventricular valve replacement was 20％.All the post-operative alive were followed up.Their follow-up period were between 0.8-6.3 years,withoud a dead case.Conclusion The regurgitation with single ventricle should be managed before the image of myocardium occurred.It is the best time to manage the atrioventricular valve when the regurgitation was moderate.The atrioventricular valve replacement is effective to the cases of single ventricle with severe AVVR.

Objective The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze surgical management of absent pulmonary valve syndrome(APVS).Methods Between January 2005 and January 2012,totally 11 children with APVS underwent primary surgical correction.There were 7 boys and 4 girls.Age at surgeries range from 1 to 5 years,and wcight from 10.2-17.5 kg,with average (12.3 ± 3.4) kg.Surgical procedures include VSD repair,pulmonary arteries reconstruction and RVOT reconstruction with monocusp valve.5 cases chose Lecompte maneuver as an option to release compression to bronchus,5 cases underwent fibroscopy inspection and airway secretion suction,and 4 cases adapted deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA)during correction procedures.All survivors are routinely followed-up with echocardiogram.Results All 11 cases survived,2 of them suffered from frequent lungs infections during the first year post surgery.No case exists bronchus or pulmonary arteries compression.Conclusion APVS is a rare congenital heart defect,which may challenge perioperative managements and operations.Ideal surgical correctiou includes RVOT reconstruction,decompression of bilateral bronchus,and airway inspection with fibroscopy.However,compression of intrapulmonary bronchi by abnormally branching pulmonary arteries may expose patients to a relative long time of medication therapy after surgical correction.A large number of patients with long-term follow-up are needed to draw definitive conclusions on this strategy' s effectiveness.

Objective In order to optimize the Fontan circulation,a technique for direct total cavopulmonary connection was devised.To evaluate its surgical feasibility as well as surgical outcomes,our clinical experience was retrospectively reviewed.Methods From August 2005 to March 2012,23 consecutive patients underwent modified extracardiac Fontan operation with direct total cavopulmonary connection.Clinical profile of the patients,and procedural variables were examined and analyzed.Results All patients had adequately developed main and branch pulmonary arteries.Inferior caval vein was contralateral to the pulmonary trunk main pulmonary artery in 7 cases,ipsilateral in 8,and others in 8.There was 1 hospital death.The other 22 patients remained hemodynamically stable postoperatively.Prolonged effusions (n =13,62％) was a challenging problem.No obvious stenosis was found at the direct cavopulmonary anastomosis.Conclusion we are convinced that a direct total cavopulmonary connection is feasible in select subset of patients.This modified Fontan procedure retains the advantage of extracardiac connections together with the avoidance of prosthetic materials.

Objective To retrospectively analyse the anaesthetic management of Norwood Stage Ⅰ.Methods Between June 2010 and August 2014, totally 5 small infants with HLHS underwent the standard Norwood Stage I procedure .They were all boys.Age at surgeries ranged from 29 to 75 days with median 36 days, and weight from 2.57 -3.50 kg with median of 3.13kg.The first three cases were received intravenous prostaglandin E1 before they were sent to the operation theatre and were under mechanical ventilation .They were received emergent operations because of unstable hemodynamic situation .The other two cases were relatively stable without mechanical ventilation and were received restrict surgery .All 5 cases received the stand-ard Norwood Stage Ⅰprocedure under intravenous-inhalation balance-general anaesthesia with cardiopulmonary bypass.The technique of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest were used in all five cases .Results The fourth case died from low cardi-ac output syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass .The other 4 cases were transferred to the paediatric intensive care unit after withdrawal from bypass.One of the four cases died after 32 h after surgery.Conclusion The standard Norwood Stage Ⅰ pro-cedure is aquite complex procedure, which demands multidisplinary cooperation, to palliatively correct HLHS.We retrospect the experiences of the anesthetic management in our centre and hope it will be helpful to decrease the mortality and morbidity in relatively short period.

AIM: To evaluate the pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in order to identify whether the lung is a target organ of chronic pathologic changes in diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Pulmonary ventilation function and diffusion capacity were studied in 107 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 61 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urine albumin excretion rate (AER), fundus examination and nerve conduction velocity were included as parameters of glycemic control and diabetic microangiopathies. RESULTS: Pulmonary ventilation function was similar in type 2 diabetic group and the control. Compared with the control, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) and DLCO corrected by alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) were significantly lower in type 2 diabetic group (P<0.05). DLCO and DLCO/VA were inversely correlated with microangiopathy score (r: -0.291, -0.324, respectively, P<0.01). Furthermore, DLCO/VA was negatively correlated with age and duration of diabetes mellitus (r: -0.269, -0.236, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary ventilation function is normal in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but their diffusion capacity is impaired. It suggests that the lung may also be the target organ of the chronic pathologic changes of diabetes mellitus.