Under the background of international medical market surging in the demand for caregivers and aging of the population in Finland,in order to solve the problem of nursing personnel missing,Finland has attached importance to nursing education.By means of approving creation of international courses,increasing practical courses,raising the degree of convergence settings with the international labor market structure,adopting the Credit Transfer System to facilitate students broad flow,implementing encouraging and innovative curriculum evaluation,training academic awareness,and so on,to broaden students'career horizons and help them to achieve the career orientation as soon as possible.In this regard,our nursing education should actively learn to take reform measures to improve education quality assurance mechanisms; pay attention to the guiding role of the evaluation; enrich extensive practical course content;focus on academic awareness.

To provide more objective basis for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation of deficiency and excess by collecting and analyzing voice signals and extracting characteristic parameters.

Objective In order to grasp the status quo of the internship nursing students' evidence awareness in our province, to improve the teaching measures, and to promote nursing safety. Methods We delivered questionnaires to 480 nursing students who were exercising practice in some major hospitals in our province about their contemporary consciousness of evidence, the results underwent analysis. Results The results showed that the awareness of nursing evidence was very poor in the new period. Conclusions It's imperative to enhance the normative education about evidence awareness among the nursing students.

BACKGROUND: A simple use of antibiotic drugs as anti-infection therapy after joint replacement is not enough for subsequent debridement and secondary revision surgeries. Therefore, our team intended to confirm the feasible use of controlled-release microspheres in the local anti-infection treatment.OBJECTIVE: To prepare the Human beta defense 3 (HBD-3)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) micro-spheres and to investigate the microsphere physicochemical properties and drug release profile in vitro.METHODS: With PLGA as a carrier,HBD-3/PLGA controlled-release microspheres were prepared by using double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe its surface morphology.The size of each microsphere was accurately determined using scaleplate. Drug loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of HBD-3/PLGA controlled-release microspheres were calculated using spectrophotometer. HBD-3/PLGA microsphere controlled-release time was determined in order to analyze the drug release profile of the microsphere. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The HBD-3/PLGA controlled-release microsphere possessed smooth surface, uniform distribution and good liquidity.The average particle size was 219.49 nm, the drug loading capacity of HBD-3 was (20.67±0.17)% and the encapsulation efficiency was (54.52±1.31)%. The cumulative release percentage of HBD-3 was(74.12±0.43)%. The HBD-3/PLGA controlled-release microsphere has well controlled-release performance in vitro. In theory, the purpose of antibacterial controlled-release can be achieved,laying a foundation for subsequent animal antibacterial experiments.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of glucogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the pathogenesis of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) in rats.Methods Kidneys of Fisher (F344) rats as donors were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis (LEW) rats as recipients.The renal function and histopathological changes were observed at 4,8,12,16,and 24week post-transplantation.Phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) protein and mRNA expression was determined by using immunohistological assays and RT-PCR respectively.Results Our data showed that 24-h urinary protein excretion in CAN rats was increased significantly at week 16 as compared with F344/LEW controls.Allografts showed markedly increased mononuclear cells infiltration and presented with severe interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy at 16 and 24 week post-transplantation.p-GSK-3β expression (protein/mRNA) was down-regulated in rat kidneys with CAN,and the decrease became more significant over time after transplantation.p-GSK-3β expression was correlated significantly with 24-h urinary protein excretion,serum creatinine levels,tubulointerstitial mononuclear cells infiltration,smooth muscle cells migration in vascular wall,and interstitial fibrosis.Conclusion It was concluded that GSK-3β down-regulation was the key event that may be involved in mononuclear cells infiltration and vascular SMCs migration at early stage,and interstitial fibrosis and allograft nephroangiosclerosis at later stage of CAN pathogenesis in rats.

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of phosphate myosin light chain (pMLC) in the rat kidney of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) model. Methods The left donor kidneys from Fisher (F344) rats were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis recipients. Meanwhile, the F344 rats and LEW rats with resection of the right kidney served as control groups. Animals were harvested respectively at the 4th, 8th and 12th week after transplantation. The creatinine clearance rate (CCr) was calculated by urine creatinine of 24-h urine. Blood samples were collected from rats for determination of serum creatinine. The expression of pMLC was detected by using Western blotting and immunohistochernistry, and that of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) by using immunohistochemistry. Results Mononuclear cells infiltration of allografts was markedly aggravated as compared to the controls. Allografts got severe interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy at 12th week after transplantation. The expression of pMILC and ILK was up-regulated in the kidney of CAN rats after transplantation, and increased more significantly as the time went on. The expression of pMILC was significantly correlated with 24-h urine protein excretion (r= 0. 273, P＜0. 05), serum creatinine levels (r = 0. 434, P＜0. 01 ), the number of tubulointerstitial infiltrated mononuclear cells (r = 0. 525, P＜0. 01 ), the number of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in vascular wall (r= 0. 676, P＜0. 01 ) and the extent of interstitial fibrosis (r= 0. 570, P＜0. 01 ).There was a significantly positive correlation between ILK and pMLC in CAN rats at the 4th week after transplantation (r= 0. 778, P＜0. 01 ). Conclusion pMLC might play an key role in CAN, and the over-expression of ILK might be involve in the pathogenesis of CAN.

Objective To investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its influencing factors in patients with gastric remnant cancer (GRC).Methods A total of 130 patients received gastrectomy more than 10 years ago because of early gastric cancer.According to the gastric remnant canceration after the surgery,patients were divided into GRC group (80 cases) and gastric remnant group (50 cases).Both the patients of these two groups accepted questionnaires of cancer patients' quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) C30 and gastric cancer specific questionnaire QLQ-STO22,the HRQoL were evaluated.The comparison between two groups with normal distribution of data was aralyzed by t test.Wilcoxon rank sum test was applied for the comparison between two groups with non-normal distribution of data.Optimal scaling regression analysis was used for screening HRQoL related clinical influencing factors.Results All the research objectives finished the questionnaires survey.Compared with health control group,the scores of GRC group were lower,which included quality of life evaluation,physical function,role function,emotional function,cognitive function and social function,and the differences were statistically significant (t =-6.678,-7.111,-10.605,-5.748,-4.765 and-21.170,all P＜0.01).The scores of fatigue,pain,diarrhea,nausea and vomiting,loss of appetite,economic difficulties,dysphagia,abdominal pain,reflux symptoms,diet restricted,anxiety,physical appearance and hair loss were higher,and the differences were significant (t=6.925,4.218,4.728 and Z=-5.236,-7.890,-7.698,-10.058,-3.612,-6.914,-9.711,9.940,-7.987 and-4.966,all P＜0.01).Compared with gastric remnant group,the scores of GRC group were lower,which included quality of life evaluation,physical function,role function,emotional function,cognitive function and social function,and the differences were statistically significant (t=-5.861,-5.821,-7.077,-7.999,-2.808and-5.710,all P＜0.01).However the scores of fatigue,pain,diarrhea,nausea and vomiting,loss of appetite,economic difficulties,dysphagia,diet restricted,anxiety,physical appearance and hair loss were higher,and the differences were significant (t=9.363,6.842 and Z=-2.654,-6.256,-3.266,-4.132,-2.854,-7.996,-4.258 and-2.005,all P＜0.01).Compared with health control group,the score of social function of gastric remnant group was lower and the difference was significant (t =-9.820,P＜ 0.01); the scores of diarrhea,nausea and vomiting,economic difficulties,dysphagia,reflux symptoms,diet restricted,physical appearance and hair loss were higher,the differences were statistical significant (t=3.020 and Z=-1.981,-3.775,-6.505,-6.098,-8.032,-3.369 and-3.147,all P＜0.05) ; the symptom scores of fatigue and pain were lower,the differences were significant (t=-2.890 and-2.439,all P＜0.05).HRQoL of patients was positively correlated with education degree,marital status,family income and the disease course of gastric remnant.Conclusions HRQoL of GRC patients decreased to certain degree.Education degree,marital status,family income and the disease course of gastric remnant were the influential factors of HRQoL in GRC patients.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of 13C urea breath test (13C-UBT)in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in patients with gastric remnant.Methods A total of 94 gastric remnant patients (gastric remnant group) and 100 non-gastric remnant patients (control group) received 13C-UBT.According to the course of the disease,the gastric remnant group were divided into group 1 (29 cases,≤5 years),group 2 (33 cases,6 to 10 years) and group 3 (32cases,＞10 years).Before surgery,the diagnosis of Hp infection was according to 13C-UBT and gastric mucosa tissue staining.After surgery,the diagnosis was according to gastric mucosa tissue staining.The applying value of 13C-UBT in gastric remnant patients was evaluated.The consistency of results between 13C-UBT and gastric mucosa tissue staining were evaluated by the Kappa test.Results In gastric remnant group,the Hp infection rate after surgery (37.2％) was obviously lower than that before operation (79.8％;x2 =35.058,P＜0.01) and that of control group (77.0％).After surgery,the Hp infection rate of patients with Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy (24.4％) was lower than that of patients with Billroth Ⅰ gastrectomy (47.2％ ; x2 =5.133,P=0.023).Before surgery,the Hp infection rate of gastric remnant subgroups were similar (P＞0.05).With the extension of the postoperative course,the Hp infection rate gradually decreased in gastric remnant subgroups (group 1:58.6％,group 2:36.4％,group 3:18.8％; x2=7.839,P=0.021).Setting the cut-off point at 2.0‰ in the gastric remnant group and 3.5‰ in the control group,the accuracy rate of diagnosis was the highest (92.6％ and 96.0％).There was good consistency between the results of 13C-UBT and gastric mucosa tissue staining (Kappa =0.84,P＜0.01).Conclusion With suitable operation and standard,13C-UBT may be a easy,safe and effective assay applied in the gastric remnant patients.

Objective To evaluate effects and safety of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) combined with transdermal estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of endometriosis. Methods From January I st, 2007 to July 31 st, 2007, 28 endometriosis patients underwent laparnscopic or transabdominal surgery in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University were randomly divided into group A and group B. 14 patients in group A received 3.6 mg goserelin once every 4 weeks, 12 weeks in all 14 patients in group B received goserelin and added 1/2 piece of half-hydrate estradiol every week and 6 mg oral medroxyprogesterone acetate per day, 12 weeks in all. Serum estradiol (E2 ), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), bone gla protein levels, visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, bone mineral density of lumbar spine, vaginal exfoliate cell spurs and the form of Kupperman were compared in patients before and after treatment. Results (1 ) After treatment, the level of FSH and E2levels were (5.0 ± 2. 6 ) U/L and (29 ± 17 ) pmol/L in group A and (3.0 ± 1.5 ) U/L, and (87 ± 53 ) pmol/L in group B, which were significantly lower than those before treatment [FSH (17. 0 ± 12. 2) U/L, and E2 (184 ± 194) pmol/L in group A and FSH :(15.3±13.6)U/L and E2: (281±242) pmol/L in group B, P ＜ 0. 01]. On the seventh day after three-month GnRH-a treatment, it was observed that the level of E2 was higher and FSH was lower in group B than the level of E2 and FSH of group A (P ＜ 0. 01 ). (2 ) After treatment, the basal vaginal exfoliate cell proportion in group A [(66. 2 ± 29. 0) %] was significantly lower than that in group B [(11.8 ± 28. 0) %, P ＜ 0. 01] ; while patients in group A owned a lower proportion of the middle [(29. 1 ± 23.1 ) %], superficial layers [(4. 0 ± 5.5 ) %] and esinophilic cells [(2. 3 ± 2. 6)%]than patients group B [middle layer: (73. 0 ± 25.2)% ; superficial layer: (15. 2 ± 10. 9)% ; esinophilic cells: (10. 8 ± 7.9 ) % ; P ＜ 0. 01]. (3) Before the treatment, patients' VAS scores of total, pelvic pain, dysmenorrheal and dyspareunia were 7.43±3. 20,2. 35 ± 1.82, 4. 93 ± 1.98 and 0. 14±0. 53 in group A and were 7.71±2. 02, 2. 57 ± 1.60, 4. 86 ± 1.56 and 0. 29 ± 1.07 in group B; after treatment, the scores above were changed to 0. 14±0. 36,0. 07±0. 27,0. 07±0. 27and 0 in group A and 0. 36±0. 50, 0. 29±0. 47, 0. 07±0. 27 and 0 in group B, which were all significantly lower than those before treatment separately (P ＜0. 01 ). When menstruation recovered, the scores were 0. 21±0. 43, 0. 07±0. 27, 0. 14 ± 0. 36, and 0 in group A and 0. 50±0. 65, 0. 29±0. 47, 0. 21±0. 43 and 0 in group B, which were also significantly lower than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.01 ), however, no statistical difference was found between groups at any time spot(P ＞ 0. 05). (4) In group A, the bone density after treatment [(0. 96 ± 0. 06 ) g/cm2] was lower than that before treatment [(0. 99 ± 0. 06 ) g/cm2, P ＜ 0.01 )]. In group B, the index was (0. 98 ± 0. 09) g/cm2, which was lower than that before treatment [(0. 99 ± 0. 10 ) g/cm2, P = 0. 201]. No statistical difference was found between groups(P ＞ 0. 05 ). The bone loss rate were (- 2. 77 ± 1.97 ) % in group A and (- 0. 93 ± 2. 86 ) % in group B (P = 0. 058 ). Before treatment, the bone gla protein was (13±3) μg/L in group A and (13±6) μg/L in group B. After treatment, the bone gla protein levels was (17±6)μg/L in group A, which was higher than that before treatment (P ＜ 0. 01 ), the level was (16±6)μg/L in group B, which was higher than that before treatment, however showed no statistical difference(P =0. 053). No difference was found in bone gla protein before and after treatment between two groups (P＞0. 05). (5) The form of Kupperman after treatment were 15±7 in group A and 11±6 in group B, which did not show significant difference (P ＞ 0. 05 ). The incidence of flash and sweat were 93% (13/14)in group A, which was significantly higher than that 57% (8/14) in group B(P ＜0.01 ). Conclusion The add-back therapy that consists of an estradiol patch and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate is effective and safe treatment for endometriosis.