Objective To investigate the urothelial carcinoma in patients with chronic aristolochic acid nephropathy(CAAN). Methods The clinical data of urothelial carcinoma were analyzed in 4 cases among 102 patients with CAAN. Results (1)Chronic renal insufficiency caused by CAAN was diagnosed in 4 patients after intermittently taking the medicine containing aristolochic acid(AA) for a long time (from 3 years to 24 years). (2) Urinary examination of these 4 cases showed the red cells with uniformed shape. Two of them experienced an episode of macroscopic haematuria. (3) Three of them had papillary transitional cell carcinomas on the bladder wall by the cystoscopy and pathological examination. The other one had carcinoma of the left renal pelvis by the retrograde urography and pathological examination after surgical operation. Conclusion CAAN is associated with the developing urothelial tumours when a patient with CAAN has an episode of macroscopic or obvious microscopic hematuria with red cells of uniformed shape.

SUMMARY A 15-year-old boy was admitted with nephritic and nephrotic syndrome,renal dysfunction and decreased serum C3,who suffered from varicella for two months.His renal histopathology revealed endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with podocytes proliferation and severe tubular injury by light microscopy.Direct immunofluorescence showed global granular deposition of IgG,IgA,IgM,C3,Clq and fibrinogen in mesangium and along glomerular capillary wall.Electron microscopic examination showed electron-dense deposits in multiple sites of glomeruli.Furthermore,specific serum IgM antibodies against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were detected.VZV antigen and mRNA were demonstrated in glomerular and tubular epithelial cells by immunohistochemical staining and in-situ hybridization.Virus particles and virus inclusions were identified by electron microscopy and special staining ( Methylene Blue and Eosion staining or Mann staining).The patient also experienced epileptic episodes and his brain MRI and electroenephalogram indicated herpes encephalitis with secondary epilepsy.Therefore,the diagnosis of VZV-associated glomerulonephritis and encephalitis was established.This is the first case of VZV-associated glomerulonephritis with renal histooathological evidence using in situ hybridization technique.

Objective To test the reliability and validity of the self-assessed questionnaire of the elderly health care needs.Methods Based on the Zuluaga-Raysmith model, the initial questionnaire was formulated by literature reviewing and interviews.Through Delphi experts consultation, a questionnaire containing 12 factors, 61 items was constructed.A total of 750 elderly residents were investigated to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.Results The effective rate of questionnaires was 88.67％ (665/750).The total Cronbach α was 0.871.The test-retest reliability of all the items were all greater than 0.75.The item-level content validity index were all greater than 0.80.The scale-level content validity index was 0.95.14 factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, explaining 66.653％ of the total variance.Conclusions The elderly health care needs self-assessed questionnaire is comprehensive with good stability, which can be used in a multi-center, large sample research.The research may help to get a deep understanding of health care needs of the elderly as well as influencing factors.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of 256-slice CT angiography (CTA) in diagnosing coronary artery fistula(CAF).Methods A total of 18 patients with CAF were analyzed retrospectively.The raw data were transferred to the work station.Image reconstruction techniques were employed, including multiplanar reconstruction (MPR),curved planar reconstruction (CPR),maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume render (VR).Results Coronary artery angiography showed fistula affluxed to the pulmonary artery in 5 cases,affluxed to the coronary sinus in 5 cases,affluxed to the right atrium in 3 cases,affluxed to the left atrium in 3 cases, affluxed to the right ventricle in 2 cases.The blood flow from abnormal vessels to pulmonary arteries was demonstrated in 5 patients,and injection sign or hyper-density of contrast material in the main pulmonary artery was seen.The tortuous vascular networks on the surface of the main pulmonary artery trunk were seen in 2 cases.Formation of aneurysm was seen in 3 cases.Conclusion 256-slice CTA can precisely show the detailed anatomy variations and heomodynamic information of CAF, and directly display the abnormal vessels with multiple image reconstruction techniques.

OBJECTIVE: Observing the anatomic variation and measuring the bone volume of meatus and nasal cavity by analyzing the expression of paranasal sinus CT. Searching whether these variation and volume data are related to maxillary fungal ball. METHOD: Measuring the double side bone volume of middle meatus,nasal cavity and the rate of middle meatus volume in the same side of nasal cavity respectively in the normal group, the maxillary fungal ball group. Observing the anatomic variation and statistically evaluating the anatomic variation and volume of nasal cavity and nasal meatus. RESULT: In the maxillary fungal ball group, the affected side and the contralateral side volume of middle meatus,nasal cavity and the rate of middle meatus volume in the nasal cavity had no statistical difference (P>0.05); Comparing the middle meatus volume and the rate of middle meatus of the maxillary fungus ball group affected side and normal group,there was statistical difference (P<0. 05). In the maxillary fungal ball group and the normal group, the morbidity of deviation septum were 24. 24% and 33. 33%, the morbidity of OMC variation were 30. 3% and 26. 67% (P<0.05), the morbidity of nasal anatomic variation were 54. 55% and 60.00%, there was no statistical difference (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Maybe there is a correlation between the enlarged bone middle meatus and the maxillary fungal ball. There is no relationship between the nasal anatomic variation and the maxillary fungal ball.
Humans ; Mycoses ; etiology ; Nasal Cavity ; anatomy & histology ; microbiology ; Nasal Septum ; Paranasal Sinuses

Objective To compare the clinicopathological features between two kinds of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). Methods Twenty-three patients with obesity-associated glomerulomegaly (OB-GM) and 22 patients with obesity-associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (OB-FSGS) diagnosed by renal biopsy during 1998 to 2008 in our center were enrolled in this study. A retrospective analysis of clinical and pathological data was carried out. Results (1) All the patients in these two groups were with abdominal obesity. Most of them were middle-aged male. There were no significant differences in gender, age, body mass index and waist circumference between these two groups (P>0.05). The mean course of disease in OB-FSGS group was significantly longer than that in OB-GM group[(21.7±29.7) vs (6.8±9.3) months,P<0.05]. (2) Metabolic syndrome was found in the most patients of these two groups, but there were no significant differences in the levels of serum glucose, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterul, uric acid and blood pressure between them(P>0.05). (3) The 24-hour urinary protein and Ser level in OB-FSGSgroup were significantly higher than those in OB-GM group[(2.49±1.58) vs (0.83±0.87) g/d, P<0.05; (102.09±25.07) vs (87.84±20.63) μmol/L, P<0.05]. The serum albumin level, creatinine clearance and urinary osmotic pressure in the former were significantly lower than those in the latter [(38.67±7.00) vs (44.05±3.55) g/L, P<0.01; (95.78±37.83) vs (128.72±31.20) ml/min, P<0.01; (678.72±91.76) vs (840.69±133.88) mmol/L, P<0.01]. (4) The mean glomerular diameters of both OB-FSGS group and OB-GM group were increased, whose difference was not significant [(204.3±23.1) vs (205.3±14.3) μm, P>0.05]. Conclusion There are significant differences in the mean course of disease, 24-h urinary protein excretion, serum albumin level and renal function between these two different kinds of ORG.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of adult chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Xishuangbanna district of Yunnan province with a big population of minorities. Methods Residents aged 20 years and older in the area of Xishuangbannan were randomly selected by using a stratified, multi-stage sampling method. All the residents were tested for morning spot urine of albumin tO creatinine ratio (ACR) (abnormal≥ 30 mg/g); morning spot urine dipstick of hematufia (abnormal 1+ or greater) was confirmed by urine microscopy (abnormal ＞ 3 red blood cells/HP); and modified simplified MDRD equation for Chinese adult was applied to characteristics, health characteristics (e.g. hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension) and indicators of kidney damage were also examined. Results Eligible data of 5566 subjects were included in the study. The prevalence of albuminuria was 8.06%, hematuria was 4.01% and reduced eGFR was 2.89%. Apart from the repetition among microalbuminuria, hematuria and reduced eGFR, approximately 12.53% subjects had at least one indicator of kidney damage. The prevalence of CKD in stratified subgroups with age, gender, nations and CKD risk factors was coincidence with the Logistic regression results. Age increase, hypertension, byperlipidemia and fasting plasma glucose increase were independently associated with albuminuria; age increase, hypertension were independently associated with reduced renal function; age increase was independently associated with hematouria. Conclusions The prevalence of adult chronic kidney disease is 12.53% in the Xishuangbanna district of Yunnan province. Independent risk factors associated with kidney damage are age, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Objective To establish a method for isolating and culturing fibroblasts from cirrhotic liver in vitro,observe the biological characteristics of fibroblasts.Methods Human fibroblasts from cirrhotic liver were isolated and cultured by adhering to the culture plastic.The morphologic and growth characteristics of the acquired cells were observed by microscopy imaging and cell counting.The expression of FSP-1 and Vimentin of fibroblasts was detected through immunofluorescence and western blotting.Results The tissue blocks were well-adherent to the culture plastic within 2 hours.Hepatocyte-like cells were observed surrounding the blocks within about 1 week,and spindle-shaped fibroblasts were observed within about 2 weeks.After a series of passage,the attached cells became proliferated quickly.The growth curves of the passage 3,4 and 5 were quite similar.The result of immunofluorescence showed the expression of FSP1 and Vimentin was positive.The positive rate was respectively (90.6 ± 1.0) ％ and (91.2-± 4.1) ％.Conclusions Human fibroblasts from cirrhotic liver can be cultured successfully through adherent property.The method for isolation and culture of fibroblasts from cirrhotic liver is convenient,efficient,stable and cultured cells remain naive biological characteristics.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general adult population in the Hulunbeir Prefecture, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region where many minorities of north China live. Methods Sampling surveywas performed in the residents aged 20 years and older in the Hulunbeir Prefecture. All the investigated subjects were tested for urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR); hematuria by microscopy of urinary sediment; and GFR estimated by modified MDRD equation for Chinese adults (eGFR). The related risk factors of CKD were also investigated. Results A total of 4522 subjects were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of albuminuria was 7.11％, hematuria was 2.64％ and reduced eGFR [60 ml-min-1·(1.73 m2)-1] was 2.75％. The prevalence of hypertension was 38.90％; hyperglycemia 6.61％; hyperlipidemia 2.72％; increased waist 24.79％ and metabolic syndrome 15.02％. After the subjects with combined microalbuminuria, hematuria and reduced eGFR were excluded, the prevalence of CKD was 12.95％. Logistic regression analysis and stratified analysis showed increased age, increased waist, elevated systolic pressure, hyperglycemia,hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic syndrome were independently associated with albuminuria;increased age, elevated systolic pressure and hyperglycemia were independently associated with reduced eGFR; increased age was independently associated with hematuria. Conclusions The prevalence of adult CKD is 12.95％ in the Hulunbeir Prefecture, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Independent risk factors of CKD include increased age, increased waist, hypertension,abnormal blood glucose or lipid, and metabolic syndrome.

Objective To construct and rescue recombinant influenza virus strains expressing hu-man metapneumovirus ( hMPV) epitopes. -ethods B cell, CTL and Th epitopes predicted by bioinformat-ics software were coupled together in different combinations. These different array genes were inserted into the NS1 gene of influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 ( PR8 ) , respectively. Recombinant PR8 influenza virus vectors expressing different hMPV antigenic epitopes were rescued by reverse genetics using eight-plasmid system. Sequencing analysis was conducted to verify whether the rescued viruses carried the chimeric hMPV epitopes. Hemagglutination ( HA) titers, half tissue culture infection dose ( TCID50 ) and growth curves were detected. Results Interval sequences GPGPG and KK were introduced into hMPV epitope combinations to construct multi-epitope antigens (MEA). These MEA were inserted into the PR8 NS gene, respectively. Using 8 plasmid system, three recombinant influenza virus strains were rescued successfully. After cultured for three passages in Madin-Darby canine kidney ( MDCK) cells and one in eggs, these three recombinant strains could proliferate steadily. Whole genome sequencing verified that the three recombinant strains car-ried the chimeric MEA sequences, named as rFLU/hMPV/B, rFLU/hMPV/CTL-Th and rFLU/hMPV/B-Th. HA titers of the recombinant strains were 128, 128 and 256 using turkey erythrocyte, respectively. Their TCID50 were 107. 0/ml, 106. 8/ml and 107. 0/ml, respectively. Growth curve tests also verified that the recombinant strains could proliferate steadily in MDCK cells. Conclusions Three recombinant influenza vi-rus vector strains carrying the B cell, CTL and Th epitopes of hMPV were rescued successfully. This study lays the foundation for further evaluation of the immune effects of these recombinant viruses and their poten-tial application value in vaccine development.