The stability of cell genetic material is influenced by a variety of factors, both internal and external, which can cause various types of DNA damage, such as DNA alkylation, oxidation, mismatching, loop structure, atypical DNA structure, single-strand break, and double-strand break.These DNA damages disrupt cellular homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium, which cause gene mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and even degradation, aging, and death at different biological levels.By searching and identifying DNA damage sites, the cell activates a series of biochemical pathways, coordinates the progress of DNA replication and transcription, and then repairs the DNA damage.In this way, the cell maintains its independence and stability.While radiotherapy plays a role in eliminating tumors by DNA damages, it also initiates DNA damage responses.Among the responses, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, double-strand break repair, and post-translesion synthesis repair play a key role in repairing the damages.The dysfunction of these repair pathways will cause differences in tumor radiation sensitivity.This paper summarizes recent research results in DNA damage repair, and focuses on the types of DNA damage and their repair mechanisms, so as to promote the understanding of the great significance of this field and to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the application of DNA damage repair pathways in tumor therapy.

Objective To observe the basic rhythm of myoelectrie activities of sphcter of Oddi (SO)and explore its biological significance.Methods Healthy adult rabbits(n=32)were randomized into 4 groups with 8 in each.The first group was for recording of myoelectric activities of SO after keeping fast for 18 hours.The second group was manipulated to observe the myoelectric activities of SO after food infusion through the stoma in stomach.The myoelectric activities of SO in the third group were monitored after the classical Nardi test was performed on these rabbits.The fourth group was used to observe the myoelectric activities of SO after the cholinergic receptors had been blocked.Using the double claw metal electrodes which were put into SO and duodenum through the plasma membrance,the myoelectric signal were recorded with RM6240 multi-channel physiologic recording and signal processing system and non-stop recording was conducted for 120-150 mins.Results 1)Spike Potentials of SO with the frequency was observed in rabbits that had been fasting.2)Myoelectronic activity of SO was observed in rabbits infused with 50 ml milk through stoma.3)After the administration of 1 mg morphine and 1 mg neostigmine i.v,the myoelectric activities of SO were noted as long-lasting persistent MASO.4)Administration of anisodamine 1 mg(i.v.)in the empty abdomen group dismissed SPSO and MASO.This state lasted for 120 min before SPSO gradually reconverted to the state of empty abdomen.Conclusion There are four patterns of myoelectric activities of SO,i.e,tensional waves under empty abdomen indicating a state in which the SO kept a basic tension level.Peristaltic waves under intake of food.Spastic waves under the stimulation of drugs and relaxant waves under the post-ganglionic block of cholinergic receptors were observed in the present study.Correspondingly,their mechanic locomotion is inferred as the basic tensional state to faciliate the deposition and condensation of bile,the peristalsis for the entry of bile into duodenum,the spasmus so that the bile can not be released into duodenum under pathological situation or the effect of drugs.the long lasting relaxant state after effective inhibition of post-ganglionic cholinergic receptors,respectively.The above results indicate that there are more than two states that is ON or OFF in SO and the concepts of contract and peristalsis of SO should be distinguished.

Objective To observe the improvement effects of Qingshen Granule on the life quality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with damp-heat syndrome. Methods The CKD patients with damp-heat syndrome were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The control group was treated with Western medicine, and the treatment group was treated with Qingshen Granules additionally for 12 weeks. SCr and eGFR were observed before and after treatment, and the life quality was investigated by KDQOL-SFTM1.3. Results Actually 156 cases were completed, including 77 cases in the treatment group and 79 cases in the control group. The total rate of curative effect was 81.82% (63/77) in teatment group, and (63.29%, 50/79) in control group, with significent difference (P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that gender, education level, TCM syndrome score, CKD stage, eGFR and Hb level could affect the life quality. The scores of KDQOL-SFTM and its containing the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36) and kidney disease targeted areas (KDTA) were significantly improved after treatment in experimental group (P<0.05), while the scores in control group were with no significant improvement. The improving effects of PCS, and SPL, SLEEP, PS in KDTA in treatment group were significantly superior to those in control group (P<0.05). The scores of life quality in effective and stable cases increased significantly after treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion Qingshen Granules can effectively improve the life quality of CKD patients with damp-heat syndrome, and the effect is not dependent on the improvement of laboratory indexes (renal function).

Background: Dampness-heat syndrome is a major syndrome type in patients with a sharp deterioration of chronic renal failure (CRF). Qingshen Decoction, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, could relieve the clinical symptoms of CRF patients, and was considered to have a certain reversal effect on rapid deterioration of renal function. Objective: To observe the changes of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-18 levels in CRF patients with a sharp deterioration and dampness-heat syndrome, and to explore the curative efficacy of Qingshen Granule. Design, setting, participants and interventions: Sixty CRF patients with a sharp deterioration and dampness-heat syndrome from Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, were randomly divided into treatment group (30 cases) and control group (30 cases), with another 20 healthy individuals as normal control. The patients in the treatment and control groups were all treated with Jiedu Xiezhuo II, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, given as retention enema. Qingshen Granule was additionally administered to the patients in the treatment group with 1 dosage each time and 3 times a day. The treatment course was one month. Main outcome measures: The levels of serum IL-8 and IL-18 in the normal individuals and before and after treatment in the treatment and control groups were detected. Results: The total response rates of treatment group in clinical efficacy assessment and assessment of syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine (86.67% and 86.67%) were higher than those of the control group (56.67% and 60%), and there were significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). The levels of serum IL-8 and IL-18 in CRF patients before treatment were obviously higher than those in the healthy individuals (P<0.01), and there were no differences in the levels of IL-8 and IL-18 before treatment between the treatment group and control group (P>0.05). After one-month treatment, the levels of serum IL-8 and IL-18 were markedly decreased in the two groups (P<0.01), and the levels of serum IL-8 and IL-18 in the treatment group were markedly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were differences in decreased degrees of IL-8 and IL-18 levels between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: CRF patients with a sharp deterioration and dampness-heat syndrome have high serum IL-8 and IL-18 levels. Qingshen Granule can reduce the levels of serum IL-8 and IL-18, and improve the renal function and ameliorate the clinical symptoms.

Objective To observe the anti-fibrosis therapeutic effect and mechanism of Qingshen granule for treatment of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) accompanied by damp-heat syndrome.Methods Sixty-eight patients with CRF accompanied by damp-heat syndrome were randomly divided into a control group and a observation group, and the study was completed only in 61 patients, 31 in the control group and 30 in the observation group. Thirty subjects having taken physical health examination were assigned in a healthy control group. All the patients in both treatment groups were treated with conventional western medical therapy and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) retention enema, and for patients in observation group, Qingshen granule was given additionally, 1 bag (10 g) thrice a day taken orally. The therapeutic course was 8 weeks. The clinical therapeutic effect, the levels of serum creatinine (SCr), the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum interleukin-17 (IL-17), collagen type Ⅲ (Col-Ⅲ) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were measured before and after treatment in the two treatment groups, and the above results were compared with those in healthy control group.Results Clinically, the total effective rates of the disease and of the TCM syndrome in observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (86.67% vs. 58.06%, 83.33% vs. 45.16%, bothP < 0.01). In the observation group, the level of SCr was obviously lower, and the level of eGFR was markedly higher after treatment, and compared with the control group, the changes in above data after treatment in observation group were more significant [SCr (μmol/L): 250.62±164.97 vs. 393.72±183.64, eGFR (mL·min-1·1.73 m-2): 33.42±17.24 vs. 39.72±23.85, bothP < 0.05]. After treatment, the levels of serum IL-17, Col-Ⅲ and NF-κB p65 in PBMC were obviously lowered in both treatment groups compared with those before treatment, the therapeutic effect in observation group being superior to that in the control group [IL-17 (ng/L): 17.47±8.87 vs. 25.51±16.69, Col-Ⅲ (μg/L): 17.06±8.76 vs. 23.77±10.44, NF-κB p65 (μg/L): 0.58±0.34 vs. 0.83±0.30, allP < 0.05].Conclusion The Qingshen granule can ameliorate the clinical symptoms, improve renal function, decrease the levels of serum IL-17, Col-Ⅲ and NF-κB p65 in PBMC, intervene renal fibrosis in patients with CRF and damp-heat syndrome, ultimately delaying the progress of CRF.

Objective To observe the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Qingshen granule on signal transduction pathway of fokal adhesion kinase-rat sarcoma-mitogen activated protein kinase (FAK-Ras-MAPK) in renal tissue of rats with renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Methods Forty Spargue-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, Bailing capsule and Qingshen granule groups (each, n = 10). The rat model with RIF was reproduced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or ligation method. The rats in Bailing capsule group were treated with Bailing capsule dissolved in 4 mL warm water, and the dosage was 0.3 g·kg-1·d-1 for intragastric administration;the rats in Qingshen granule group were treated with Qingshen granule dissolved in 4 mL warm water, its dosage was 6 g·kg-1·d-1 for intragastric administration, and equal volume of normal saline was given to normal control group and model group by gavage. After treatment for 8 weeks, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), fibronectin (FN),α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were determined in each groups. The renal tissue expression levels of FAK, Ras, p38MAPK, FN, α-SMA were determined in various groups by immunohistochemistry staining method. Results Compared with the normal control group, the levels of serum BUN, SCr, FN and α-SMA were significantly increased in the model group. There were no significant differences in the levels of serum BUN and SCr before administration of drugs between Bailing capsule group and Qingshen granule group (both P>0.05). The levels of BUN, SCr, FN, andα-SMA were all significantly lowered in the two treatment groups than those of the model group after administration, the descent in Qingshen granule group being more marked [BUN (mmol/L):13.18±4.91 vs. 18.56±5.59, SCr (μmol/L): 104.80±12.04 vs. 119.02±12.47, FN (mg/L): 29.72±16.75 vs. 46.38±8.63, α-SMA (kU/L):5.49±2.68 vs. 7.13±2.37, all P < 0.05]. The immunohistochemistry staining showed: the kidney tissue expression levels of FAK, Ras, p38MAPK, FN, and α-SMA in the model group were significantly higher than those of normal control group, above indexes were all significantly lower in Bailing capsule group and Qingshen granule group than those of the model group, and the descent in Qingshen granule group was more obvious (FAK: 3.00±1.41 vs. 5.28±2.21, FN: 4.25±1.04 vs. 6.29±2.06, α-SMA: 3.25±1.28 vs. 4.86±1.57, p38MAPK: 2.50±1.31 vs. 4.71±2.50, Ras:3.50±1.41 vs. 4.29±1.38, all P<0.05). Conclusion Qingshen granule can reduce serum BUN and SCr levels in rats with RIF, and inhibit the activation of FAK-Ras-MAPK signal transduction pathway in the kidney, thereby it may reduce the generation of FN andα-SMA and play a role of anti-RIF.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate therapeutic efficacies of perioperative application of single-dose and multipie-dose of antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection after closed fractures patients receive incision and internal fixation,and to provide evidence-based reference.METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,EMBase,CBM,Cochrane Library,CBM,CJFD,VIP and Wanfang database,RCTs about perioperative application of single-dose (trial group) and multiple-dose (control group) of antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection after closed fractures patients receive incision and internal fixation were collected.Meta-analysis was performed using Rev Man 5.3 statistical software after literature screening,data extraction and quality evaluation by improved Jadad.RESULTS:Finally 8 clinical studies were included,involving 3 457 patients.The results of Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in the rate of surgical site infection [OR=1.02,95％ CI(0.63,1.66),P=0.94)].Cefazolin stadies were included in subgroup analysis according to drug use,and results of Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in the rate of surgical site infection[OR=1.33,95％CI(0.55,3.20),P=0.52].CONCLUSIONS:Prophylactic application of single-dose of antibiotics is recommended for preventing surgical site infection after closed fractures patients receive incision and internal fixation.

Objective To study the feasibility and safety of measles vaccination in women of childbearing age and to understand the influence of measles vaccination on the fetal transmission measles antibody level of the infants.Methods From January 1,2012 to December 31,2012,600 women of childbearing age were included in this study.The measles IgG antibody was detected,then all participants were randomized according to the IgG level.The measles IgG antibody of participants in non-vaccinated group was detected predelivery in hospital by enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA).That of participants in vaccinated group was detected 3 months after vaccination with measles mumps rubella combined vaccine and predelivery by ELISA.And measles nuclear protein fragment gene (measles virus nucleoprotein,MVN) in the blood was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR).A total of 368 participants gave birth within 2 years after vaccination,and 357 infants 8 months after birth were healthy.In non-vaccinated group,8 infants were diagnosed with measles within 8 months after birth.Finally,349 8-month infants were enrolled in the study,including 52 whose mothers in high antibody without vaccination group,65 whose mothers in high antibody with vaccination group,110 whose mothers in low antibody without vaccination group and 122 whose mothers in low antibody with vaccination group.The measles IgG antibody levels in the blood of all the 8-month infants were detected.Data were analyzed using t test,one-way ANOVA (Newman-Keuls was used for comparison between groups) and Pearson analysis.Results The measles IgG antibody level of expectant women in high antibody without vaccination group was significantly lower compared to that in high antibody with vaccination group ([268.5±74.9] IU/mL vs [578.3t208.1] IU/mL,Q=15.57,P＜0.01).That in low antibody without vaccination group was also significantly lower than low antibody with vaccination group ([169.4+42.3] IU/mL vs [584.7+195.8] IU/mL,Q=29.54,P＜0.01).The results of MVN RT-PCR after 3 months of vaccination showed no positive bands in all blood samples.Two of the expectant women in high antibody without vaccination group and one in low antibody without vaccination group were positive for MVN bands.Among 8-month infants,the levels of antibody in high antibody without vaccination group and high antibody with vaccination group were (106.3 ± 36.8) IU/mL and (291.8±86.5) IU/mL,respectively,which was statistically different (t=23.33,P＜0.01).Those in low antibody without vaccination group and low antibody with vaccination group were (87.1 ± 26.4) IU/mL and (274.0±72.5) IU/mL,respectively,which was statistically different (t =33.27,P＜0.01).The measles antibody level of expectant women was positively correlated with their 8-month infants (r=0.652,P＜0.01).All 8 infants who were diagnosed with measles were delivered by women without vaccination,and the measles infection rate of infants was significantly different between women with and without vaccination (P=0.002).Condusion It is feasible for women of childbearing age to receive measles vaccination,which can increase the measles IgG antibody level of both expectant women and their infants.

Objective:To analyze the expression of circular RNA (circRNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with gout and to explore the possible mechanism of circRNA in the pathogenesis of gout.Methods:Peripheral blood samples of 24 patients with acute gout (AG), 24 patients with intermittent gout (IG) and 24 healthy control subjects (HC) were collected. Three cases of AG, IG, and HC were randomly selected, and the differentially expressed circRNA in PBMCs was screened by human circNA microarrays. The 6 circRNAs with large differences between the two comparison groups were selected, and the relative expression levels of 6 circRNAs in all the collected 72 PBMCs of the study subjects were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The significantly differentially ex-pressed circRNA (fold change>1.5, P<0.05) was analyzed by GO analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and its interaction with microRNA (miRNA) was predicted. The median (interquartile range) was used to describe the data, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups. Results:(1) The microarray analysis results showed that compared with the HC group, the AG group and the IG group had 116 and 41 significantly differently expressed circRNAs, respectively; com-pared with the IG group, the AG group had 105 significantly differently expressed circRNAs. (2) Among the 6 circRNAs verified by PT-qPCR, the expression trends of 5 were consistent with the microarray results. The expression of hsa_circRNA_105034 in the AG group [5.17(4.60)] was statistically significantly different com-pared to the IG [1.68(2.39)] and HC [0.90(0.73)] groups (AG vs IG: Z=-4.413, P<0.01; AG vs HC Z=-5.052, P<0.01). (3) Bioinformatics analysis: ① GO analysis found that differential circRNA swere mainly involved in DNA transcriptional regulation, positive cell regulation and protein modification, etc. ② KEGG pathway analysis revealed that differential circRNA might be involved in the immune response mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. ③ CircRNA might affect its inflammatory response by targeting molecules such as miRNA-146a, miRNA-302b and miRNA-23a. Conclusion:There are differentially expressed circRNAs in PBMCs of patients with gout, which may be closely related to the occurrence and development of gout.