As a method of financial management and control,the implementation of cost accounting has a significant influence on management of sicentific research projects.The model patterns of cost accounting in the United Kingdom,the United States and European Union,respectively can be served as practical frameworks to guide Chinese scientific research project funds in terms of accounting forms,methods and contents.Based on the understanding of current domestic development and problrms of cost accounting experiences learned from internation practices are signifcant for improving cost accounting system in scientific research projects of China.

Objective:To observe the effect of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen on inflammatory cytokines and intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction, and to explore its mechanism. Methods:Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, sham operation group, model group, low, medium and high dose of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen group. Except for the normal group and the sham operation group, and the other animals groups were established the model of postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen low, medium and high dose groups were perfused with Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen decoction with the concentration of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.8 g/ml, the normal group, sham operation group and model group were gavaged with equal volume of sterile saline from the first day after the operation, once a day. After corresponding treatment, the adhesion score was observed on the 7th day after the operation, the contents of interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), D-lactic acid (D-LA), diamine oxidase (DAO) and vascular endotoxin (ET) in serum were detected by ELISA method, and the expression of SIgA, CD4 +T and CD8 +T cells in intestinal mucosa were assessed by immunohistochemical method. Results:Compared to the model group, the adhesion score in the low, medium and high dose of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen group significantly decreased ( P<0.05), the level of serum IL-1β [(8.66 ± 1.07) ng/L, (8.15 ± 1.23) ng/L, (7.99 ± 1.11) ng/L vs. (14.08 ± 2.54) ng/L] significantly decreased ( P<0.01), the expression of SIgA (1.38 ± 0.15, 2.87 ± 1.17, 2.79 ± 0.80 vs. 0.65 ± 0.12) in intestinal mucosa in the low, medium and high dose of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen group significantly increased ( P<0.01). The levels of serum D-LA [ (8.57 ± 1.73) mg/L, (7.13 ± 1.75) mg/L vs. (14.58 ± 2.81) mg/L], ET [ (77.39 ± 6.83) mg/ml, (50.49 ± 7.80) mg/ml vs. (138.22 ± 7.79) mg/ml] significantly decreased ( P<0.01), the expression of CD4 +T (2.61 ± 0.83, 2.91 ± 1.62 vs. 1.15 ± 0.98) and CD8 +T (2.88 ± 0.69, 3.01 ± 1.86 vs. 1.26 ± 0.74) cells in intestinal mucosa in the medium and high dose of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen group significantly increased ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Persicae Semen decoction can improve intestinal mucosal permeability, protect intestinal mucosal immune barrier and reduce inflammatory reaction in the treatment of adhesive intestinal obstruction.

Objective:To analyze the implementation and effectiveness of primary health care reform in Feixi county, Anhui province. Methods: This paper uses data analysis of interviews with key insiders, policy documents and archives, as well as institutional questionnaire survey and other methods to collect information, and then it com-bines qualitative and quantitative research to arrive at research findings through cross-analysis and interpretation. Re-sults:From 2010 to 2014, the reform enhanced the capacity of primary health care in four main aspects, including capacity building of primary health care personnel, network construction of primary health care system, improvement of working conditions, and system construction of institutional management. Accordingly, the human capacity of pri-mary health care personnel was improved, their enthusiasm for work increased, their income was raised, the working conditions were improved, the cooperation mechanism for vertical and horizontal health care services was established, and the consultation rate and primary health care utilization in Feixi county increased. Conclusion:Both the“bottom-up” exploration approach and “from point to area” implementation strategy adopted by Feixi county have not only been the core content of primary health care system’s comprehensive reform, but also effectively leveraged the other aspects of the reform. They have played an important role in deepening medical reform and establishing institutional mechanism of health care system.

Objective:To analyze reverse effects induced in the implementation process of“primary health care strengthening” policies, and the innovative initiatives and countermeasures raised in primary health care system’s comprehensive reform of Feixi county. Method:Based on the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis ( CDA) , this paper designs its analytical framework for policy analysis. Results:Many reverse effects appeared in the implementa-tion process of “primary health care strengthening” policies. However, through improvements in terms of manpower upgrading, network building, working conditions and management mechanisms, Feixi county has successfully strengthened the capacity building for primary health care institutions. Conclusions:The expected and unexpected re-sults should be evaluated systematically when the policies are being implemented, and local governments need to pro-ceed according to local conditions in order to prevent unintended reverse effects from happening.

The fragmentation of health care system within a county and serious capacity constraints of health-care services in township health centers are generally the most significant problems facing underdeveloped counties in western China. Under constraints of limited public financial resources, how to increase service capability of township health centers and improve service quality, continuity and convenience of health care system has become one of the most severe challenges in implementing China’s county health care system reform. This paper takes Huangzhong coun-ty, Qinghai province as a case study. It investigates how the locals use health care alliance to vertically integrate county health care resources during reform implementation, analyzes various aspects of reform measures and the corre-sponding structural characteristics such as the integration of administrative management, integration of human re-sources, dual diagnosis referral, interoperability of information systems, sharing of resources and test results, etc. , and provides similar China’s counties with a case study to be used for reference.

Objective:After examining the changes in medical expenses and flows of hospitalized patients with-in and outside the county under the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme ( NRCMS ) before and after the imple-mentation of health care alliance reform, this paper analyzes the impacts of health care alliance reform on the visiting rate of NRCMS patients within the county and explores their causes and channels. Methods:This paper uses the hos-pitalization data of NRCMS patients in 2013 and 2014 collected from Huangzhong county Qinghai province and inter-views with key informants and analyzes the hospitalization expenses, visiting flows and other indicators of patients. Results:After starting health care alliance reform, the total number of hospitalized patients to seek treatment outside the county decreased by 6 . 38%, the total hospitalization expenses to seek treatment outside the county decreased by 22 . 13%, and the hospitalization expenses per inpatient day to seek treatment within and outside the county increased by 14. 41% and 20. 69% respectively. Conclusions: By improving service capabilities of township health centers and increasing synergies between county-township-village health institutions, the county health care alliance reform has suc-cessfully enhanced the service capabilities of health care systems in the whole county and reasonably helped patients with common diseases to be hospitalized outside the county and frequently hospitalized people to return back to the county.

ObjectiveTo observe the hong-huang antioxidant on oxidative stress in patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy, including their related blood indexes, blood rheology changes, and the effects on TCM clinical symptoms and symptoms of stress.MethodsA total of 60 cases of breast cancer patients during chemotherapy from Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM was randomly divided into treatment group and control group, 30 cases in each group. On the basis of conventional therapy, patients in treatment group were given hong-huang antioxidant (100 mL per bag) from the 1st day to the 14th day of chemotherapy, 2 bags for each day (morning and evening). Patients in control group were given foundation treatment the same as the treatment group. Patients in the two groups had their serum NO, the content of SOD, and blood rheology tested on the day before chemotherapy, and the 4th, 7th, 14th days during chemotherapy. Meanwhile, their symptom score and the integral of stress reaction and TCM symptoms were also assessed. ResultsOn the 4th day, serum NO of treatment group decreased, while SOD content increased,without statistical significance between the two groups (P>0.05). Serum NO on the 7th, 14th days was significantly lower than that in the control group, but the content of SOD was higher than that in the control group, with statistical significance between the two groups (P<0.05). Hemorheology on the 4th day significantly decreased after treatment (P<0.05), and was significantly better than that in the control group (P<0.05); Clinical symptoms and stress symptoms integral in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group on the 4th, 7th, 14th days of chemotherapy, with statistical significance (P<0.05).Conclusion Hong-huang antioxidant can significantly improve the oxidative stress status, serological indexes, related blood rheology indexes, and clinical symptoms in patients with breast cancer.

Objective To evaluate the effects of Chuanglingye decoction on angiogenesis and wound healing. Methods With a series of dosages of Chuanglingye decoction, their optimal effects of angiogenesis were searched for through the chicken embryo allantois membrane model(CAM). The vascular endothelial cell proliferation experiment (MTT) and the migration assay were used for the detection of effects. The gauze loading with Chuanglingye decoction of 0.2 ml as the experimental group and with saline of 0.2ml as the control group were applied on the total skin mechanical round wound of 1.5cm diameter and changed every other day. The sizes of area were detected on the day of 0,3,7,14 and 28 as well as the scores of inflammatory response, contains of TNF-αand Il-6 were detected on the day of 3 and 7. Results The CAM experiments showed that the angiogenic effects of 0.2 ml and 0.3 ml dosage of the Chuanglingye group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). The 0.2 ml dosage of Chuanglingye decoction was chosen for the further experiment. The HUVEC proliferation rate of the experimental group decreased 21%, as compared with the results of control group. The cell migration movement of 12 hours, 24 hours in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group. For theanimal experiments, the area sizes of the wound were similar in the experimental and control group without any significant differences. The scores of inflammatory response and contains of TNF-α(768±107)ng/L,(380±47)ng/L and Il-6(664±133)ng/L,(363±43)ng/L in the experimental group were significant decreased than those of the control group on the day of 3(958± 140)ng/L,(2215±314)ng/Land 7(512±62)ng/L,(1562±174)ng/L. Conclusion It showed that Chuanglingye decoction had negative effects on vascular endothelial cell migration and proliferation and thus inhibiting angiogenesis. These effects did not infer the process of the wound healing due to its ameliorating the inflammatory response which may be a help to wound healing.

Objective: The characteristics of prescription medication for constipation in Wumen doctors in Ming and Qing Dynasties were analyzed by data mining method, so as to provide reference for the treatment of contemporary clinical constipation. Methods: The Wumen medical school doctors in Ming and Qing Dynasties treating constipation in clinical case were selected for digital acquisition and process. The association rules and complex networks analysis were used for data mining in order to explore experience of famous doctors in Wumen medical treated constipation. Results: A total of 202 cases records of constipation were collected from acient TCM books by the database of ancient books and literatures of library of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The results showed that the highest syndromes of 202 prescriptions was Qi stagnation and yin deficiency, followed by damp-heat, blood deficiency and liver-stomach disharmony, and the top ten medicines for internal use were angelica, almond, arborvitae, flaxseed, pinellia, cistanche, dried rehamnnia root, radix paeoniae alba, rhubarb, poria, licorice, etc. The core medicine in pairs included the Platycodon grandiflorum-almonds, safflower-peach kernel, safflower-angelica and other drugs outside, carthami-semen pruni-Peach kernel, carthami-semen pruni-Angelica, carthami-angelica-peach, peony-rhubarb-magnolia. Conclusions Most of the doctors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties believed that constipation was based on deficiency and reality, took Xinrun Tongluo as its treatment method, and paid attention to the treatment of activating blood circulation, warming yang and regulating qi and resolving phlegm, and emphasized the relationship between constipation and lung, spleen, liver and kidney.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， and their combination on slow transit constipation via PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy. MethodFifty-six male SD rats were randomly assigned into normal group， model group， natural recovery group， Aurantii Fructus Immaturus group， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma group， Aurantii Fructus Immaturus combined with Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma group， and mosapride group， with 8 rats in each group. Slow transit constipation model was established by gavage with loperamide （3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） for 14 days in other groups except the normal group. After successful modeling， except that the model group was continuously induced by loperamide， the normal group and the natural recovery group were administrated with 0.9% normal saline by gavage， and the rats in the Aurantii Fructus Immaturus （1.35 g·kg^-1·d^-1） group， the Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma （2.7 g·kg^-1·d^-1） group， the Aurantii Fructus Immaturus combined with Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma （4.05 g·kg^-1·d^-1） group， and the mosapride （1.56 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） group were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 7 days. The amount of feces， fecal water content， and intestinal propulsion rate of rats were determined. The pathological changes of the colon were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff （AB-PAS） staining. The activity of respiratory chain complex and the ultrastructure of the colon tissue were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and observed by transmission electron microscopy， respectively. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） was employed to determine the mRNA levels of PINK1， Parkin， and p62， and Western blot to determine the protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， PINK1， and Parkin. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group and the natural recovery group showed decreases in the amount of feces， fecal water content， intestinal propulsion rate （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅱ， Ⅲ， and Ⅳ in the colon tissue （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Further， the mRNA levels of PINK1 and Parkin and the protein levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 were up-regulated （P<0.01） and the mRNA level of p62 was down-regulated in the model group （P<0.05） and the natural recovery group. Compared with the model group and the natural recovery group， the Aurantii Fructus Immaturus combined with Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma group showed increased amount of feces， fecal water content， intestinal propulsion rate， and activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅱ， Ⅲ， and Ⅳ （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Moreover， the combination meliorated the degree of mitochondrial swelling in the colon tissue， down-regulated the mRNA levels of PINK1 and Parkin and the protein levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and up-regulated the mRNA level of p62 （P<0.05）. ConclusionAurantii Fructus Immaturus and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， and their combination may remedy the colonic motility disorders in rats with slow transit constipation by blocking PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway to inhibit the excessive mitophagy in interstitial cells of Cajal in the colon tissue.