Objective To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture at different points on auditory brainstem response (ABR) in a rat model of sodium salicylate-induced tinnitus.Method Forty-one male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to saline control (saline), sodium salicylate model (SA), electroacupuncture at Tinggong+ Yifeng (EA), electroacupuncture at Waiguan+ Zhongzhu (AA) and electroacupuncture at Zusanli+ Sanyinjiao (LA) groups. The saline group consisted of five rats and each of the other groups, nine rats. The model was made by intraperitoneal injection of sodium salicylate 275 mg/kg. The saline control group was injected with a corresponding volume of saline. Various acupoint electroacupuncture groups were given electroacupuncture at bilateral Tinggong+ Yifeng, Waiguan+ Zhongzhu and Zusanli+ Sanyinjiao, respectively, at 30 min after model making. Electroacupuncture lasted 30 min. The ABRs were recorded before model making and once every one hour for five consecutive hours after model making. The stimulus sounds were short clicks and tone bursts of frequencies of 4, 8, 16 and 32 kHz. The ABR threshold was used as an assessment index.Results Under the condition of clicks, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at one to five hours after model making between the SA, EA, AA or LA group and the saline group (P<0.05), at two to five hours after model making between the EA or AA group and the SA group (P<0.05) and at one hour after model making between the LA and SA groups (P<0.05). Under the conditions of 4, 8 and 16 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at one to five hours after model making between the SA, EA, AA or LA group and the saline group (P<0.05). Under the condition of 32 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at one to five hours after model making between the SA, AA or LA group and the saline group (P<0.05). Under the condition of 4 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at two to five hours after model making between the EA and SA groups (P<0.05) and at four to five hours after model making between the AA and SA groups (P<0.05). Under the condition of 8 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at two to five hours after model making between the EA or AA group and the SA group (P<0.05). Under the condition of 16 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at two, four and five hours after model making between the EA and SA groups (P<0.05). Under the condition of 32 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference in the ABR threshold at one to five hours after model making between the EA and SA groups (P<0.05).Conclusion Electroacupuncture at both periauricular and forelimb points can improve the ABR threshold in sodium salicylate-treated rats. The effect of electroacupuncture at periauricular points is superior to that at forelimb points.

Microparticles are small vesicles that are released by budding of the plasma membrane during cellular activation and apoptotic cell breakdown.A spectrum of cell types can release microparticles including endothelial cells,platelets,macrophages,lymphocytes and tumor cells.Biological effects of microparticles mainly include procoagulant activity,inhibition of inflammation and cancer progression.The present study shows that vitreous microparticles isolated from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and increased new vessel formation,promoting the pathological neovascularization in PDR patients.Oxidative stress induces the formation of retina pigment epithelium-derived microparticles carrying membrane complement regulatory proteins,which is associated with drusen formation and age related macular degeneration.Microparticles from lymphocyte (LMP) play an important role in anti-angiogenesis by altering the gene expression pattern of angiogenesis-related factors in macrophages.Besides,LMP are important proapoptotic regulators for retinoblastoma cells through reduction of spleen tyrosine kinase expression and upregulation of the p53-p21 pathway which ultimately activates caspase-3.However,how to apply the microparticles in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases is a major challenge,because the study of the microparticles in the fundus diseases is still limited.Further studies conducted would certainly enhance the application of microparticles in the fundus diseases.

Background Clinical work found that triamcinolone acetonide (TA)bleeding during vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR),but its mechanism is not clear.Objective This study was to explore the anastalsis of TA in vitrectomy for PDR.Methods A prospective study was performed.Twelve eyes of 12 patients who received vitrectomy combined with the intraocular use of TA for PDR were in cluded in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2011 to 2014 and served as TA group.Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients who underwent vitrectomy for epimacular membrane or macular hole were enrolled as control group.The vitreous specimens of 0.6 ～0.8 ml was collected during the surgery.The concentrations of urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA),tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) in vatreous were measured by ELISA.Results The mean contents u-PA,t-PA and PAI-1 in the vatreous were 25.45,127.44 and 0.42 ng/ml respectively in the TA group,and those the mean contents in the control group were 22.94,142.37 and 0.27 ng/ml respectively,shouwing a significant difference between the TA group and the control group (Z=-2.268,P＜0.05).NO significant difference was found in vitreous t-PA and PAI-1 between TA and control groups (Z =-0.092,-1.847,both at P＞0.05).Conclusions Vitreous u-PA content is increased in PDR eyes,which is more likely to lead bleeding.Anastalsis of TA during vitrectomy for PDR may be relatived to decreasing vitreous t-PA and u-PA contents as well as increasing PAI-1 contents.

Objective:To observe the level of microparticles in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and preliminarily explore the role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of PDR.Methods:A case control study. From January to December 2018, 54 cases of 54 eyes of PDR patients (PDR group) and 20 cases of non-diabetic retinopathy patients (control group), who were diagnosed and treated with vitrectomy (PPV) in the Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital vitreous samples were included in the study. Among 54 eyes in the PDR group, there were 42, 21, and 17 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage (VH), traction retinal detachment (TRD), and previous intravitreal injection of drugs, respectively. Among the 20 eyes of the control group, idiopathic macular hole, idiopathic anterior macular membrane, vitreous macular traction syndrome, and complete lens dislocation were 6, 6, 2, and 6 eyes, respectively. The PDR group was divided into uncombined TRD group and combined TRD group according to PDR stage and whether TRD occurred, with 33 and 21 eyes, respectively. According to the presence or absence of VH, they were divided into groups with VH and without VH, with 42 eyes and 12 eyes, respectively. According to whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs were injected into the intravitreal cavity 3 days before PPV, they were divided into anti-VEGF drug group and no anti-VEGF drug group, with 17 eyes and 37 eyes respectively. The levels of retinal photoreceptor cells (RMP), platelets (PMP), endothelial cells (EMP) and phosphatidylserine (PS-MP) expressing on the membrane surface in the sample were detected by flow cytometry. The comparison between the two groups of samples was performed by t test, and the comparison between multiple groups of samples was performed by one-way analysis of variance or Mann-Whitney test. Results:Compared with the control group, the vitreous RMP level of the PDR group was significantly decreased, and the EMP and PMP levels were significantly increased. The differences were statistically significant ( t=-2.361, 5.064, 3.531; P=0.018, <0.001, 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in PS-MP levels between the two groups ( t=-1.617, P=0.110). Compared with the TRD group, the levels of RMP and PMP in the vitreous of the TRD group were significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.221, -2.098; P=0.031, 0.041). The level of EMP in the vitreous body of the anti-VEGF drug group was significantly lower than that of the non-anti-VEGF drug group, however, it was still higher than the control group. The difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.430, -2.499; P=0.015, 0.012). The level of PMP in the vitreous body of the eye without VH was significantly higher than that in the group with VH, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-3.097, P=0.003). Conclusions:The elevated levels of EMP and PMP in the vitreous of PDR patients may be related to the damage of retinal capillaries; intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs before surgery can reduce the level of EMP. VH may be related to the procoagulant effect of PMP.