Objective To understand epidemic characteristics of human influenza A and the genetic and antigenic variations of H1N1 influenza A isolates in Shanghai area in 2009. Methods Throat swabs were collected from patients with influenza-like illness in the sentinel surveillance clinic in Shanghai area in 2009, then inoculated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines. The types of influenza were identified by direct immunofluorescence assay (DIF) and the subtypes were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Segments of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of some 2009 H1N1 influenza A isolates were amplified and sequenced. HA and NA gene mutations of 2009 H1N1 influenza A isolates were analyzed. Results Seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses co-circulated during the spring of 2009 in Shanghai area. Seasonal H3N2 began to co-circulate with 2009 H1N1 in August (the 32nd week) and finally2009 H1N1 became dominate since the 40th week. The phylogenetic tree of 2009 H1N1 HA segment revealed that the isolates from different regions and months were interspersed with each other, but all were clustered into one branch which closed to strains in Spain, Russia, Denmark and other European countries. Mutations were found in some HA amino acid sites, but none of them was in the antigenic determinant region. No change was observed in the 274 NA amino acid residues which were related to the drug resistance to oseltamivir. PB2 protein analysis showed that the 627 and 701 amino acid residues were glutamic acid and aspartic acid respectively, which were the same encoded amino acid with avian flu PB2 protein. Conclusions Seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 co-circulated in the spring of 2009, then both 2009 H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 were prevalent in Summer and Autumn, and 2009 H1N1 finally became dominate in Autumn. Compared to early 2009 H1N1 strains, variations are detected in H1N1 influenza A viruses, but none of them has epidemiological influence, and viruses still show high affinity with human and low-pathogenic characteristics.

ObjectiveTo establish rabbit knee joint cartilage injury models to evaluate effects of the type Ⅱ collagen sponge in repair of the articular cartilage.MethodsThe type Ⅱ collagen sponge was prepared according to previous method and the pore size of the sponges was measured based on the collagen autofluorescence characteristics.The type Ⅱ collagen sponge was transplanted into the injury lesions of the animal model for experimental study.The regeneration of the cartilage defects was observed by using MRI, histologic HE staining, Safranin O, sirius red polarized light staining, areas determination of the newly grown cartilage and immunohistochemistry of type Ⅱ collagen.ResultsAutofluorescent images of confocal microscope layer scanning showed that the pore size was (93.26 + 38.40) μm in diameter, suitable for chondrocyte growth.Comparison between MRI and H&E staining results showed quicker effusion absorption in the treatment groups than that in the control group, while the level of inflammatory response in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group.The sporadic cartilage signals first appeared at the 6th week.The newly formed cartilage with the expression of glycosaminoglycan and type Ⅱ collagen matrix was confirmed by Safranin O staining and immunohistochemical analysis.The sirius red polarized light staining showed that areas of the newly formed cartilage were significantly larger in the treatment group than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The type Ⅱ collagen sponge developed from purification can effectively repair the damaged cartilage tissues of the rabbit knee joints, as has been verified either by MRI or histology.

Objective The characteristics of supramolecular"imprinting template"of volatile oil of Curcuma kwangsiensis and Curcuma phaeocaulis were analyzed and studied based on the supramolecular"qixi"theory of Chinese materia medica combined with chemometrics.Methods The volatile oil of C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis were extracted by steam distillation,and the fingerprint and composition information of each batch were obtained by GC-MS.Total statistical moment method was used to compare the imprinting characteristics of the"imprinting template"of C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis.The core index(CI)of each batch of essential oil of C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis was calculated,and the topological characteristics of types of"imprinting template"of C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis were compared by chemometrics.Results There was no significant difference in the extraction rate of volatile oil between C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis.The average values of total zero order moment(AUCT)were(1.907±0.177)×108,(1.979±0.413)×108 μV·s,respectively,showing that there was no significant difference in the total content of volatile oil between the two groups.The mean values of the total first order moment(MCRTT)were(30.969±0.962)and(33.198±0.409)min.The average value of total second order moment(VCRTT)was(56.176±11.368)and(43.891±4.113)min2,respectively,indicating that there were significant differences in the content ratio and species of volatile oils between the two groups.The similarity of total statistical moments of C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis was mostly lower than the defined value,indicating that the chemical composition and composition ratio of the volatile oil were different.Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis could obviously divide C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis into two categories.Through the analysis of P value and VIP value,the CI values of Xvp 4th order,Xvpc 5th order,Xvpc 6th order,Xvpc 7th order,Xvc 3rd order,Xvpc 4th order were the main difference values of C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis.Conclusion Through the characterization of"imprinting property"and"topological characteristics"of the supramolecular"imprinting template"and combining with chemometric analysis,it is possible to successfully distinguish C.kwangsiensis and C.phaeocaulis,and find the different CI values between two"imprinting templates".