50 adult albino rats were divided randomly into 3 groups, i, e. partial hepatectomy group, sham-operation group and normal control group. Specimens of tail portion of pancreas were taken at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 14 days after operation respectively. Paraffin sections were made and stained with immunohistochemical PAP method to demonstrate insulin-containing B cells,C-peptide-containing B cells,glucagon-containing A cells and somatostatin-containing .D cells. The changes in hormone secretion activity of B, A and D cells have been observed during liver regeneration period. Based on the different amount of immunoreactive product, the endocrine activity of islet cells can be divided into 3 grades: +, ++, and +++. Percentage of each grade of islet cells was calculated and taken as the parameter of endocrine activity of islet cells. Insulin release activity of B cells increased after 1-3 days of operation, and insulin biosynthesis and/or storage enhanced 3-6 days after. Glucagon release activity of A cells raised gradually during 1-3 days after operation, and somatostatin released activity of D cells declined at the same time. After 6 days, endocrine activity of A cells returned to normal level, but release of somatostatin of D cells elevated. Endocrine activity of islet cells all recovered to normal level 14 days later. The changes of endocrine activity of B cells and A cells were closely related to and parallel with regeneration process of liver. The changes of D cells suggest that it probably be a reflection of regulation action on endocrine activities of B cells and A cells.

50 adult rats divided into 3 groups, i. e. partial hepatectomy, sham-operation and normal control groups. The submandibular glands (SMG) were removed at different intervals (1-14 days) after operation, and stained with histological and histochemical method. On the 1-3 days after operation, especially on 3 days, some changes were found in granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells of SMG. The secretory granules in the GCT cells were decreased in number. The reactions of PAS, -SS- group, PTAH were weaker than those of the sham-operation group, but the reactions of content in tubule system of SMG were raised. The reaction of SDH was stronger than those of the sham-operation group and the activities of NE and AcP decreased. After 7 days all the changes gradually restored, except the activities of ASDH increased and NE decreased continuously. After 14 days, all the changes became nearly normal. In addition, the reactions of RNA, G6Pase and 5-Nase in GCT cells of hepatectomized rats did not show apparent changes. The results suggested that, the changes of SMG GCT cells following partial hepatectomy seem, to be closely related with regenerative process of liver.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75%-85% of primary liver cancer cases and is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies worldwide. Immunotherapy is currently considered to be the most promising treatment to prevent the progression and postoperative recurrence of HCC. At present, the treatment strategies of immunotherapy for HCC are classified as active immunotherapy and passive immunotherapy, including tumor vaccine therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cell therapy. Here we review the current clinical progression and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.