ObjectiveTo assess long-term effect of two different types of arterial reanastomoses for kidney transplantation [an end-to-side anastomoses (ESA) of renal artery to external iliac artery and an endto-end anastomoses (EEA) of renal artery to internal iliac artery] by comparing conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) after five years of renal transplantation.MethodsSixty patients underwent kidney transplatation were included and divided into EEA group or ESA group based on the type of anastomoses. Data of renal blood flow perfusion,hemodynamic parameters,and renal anatomical structure were collected and analyzed in each groups using CEUS,color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) and B-mode ultrasound.ResultsThe patients of the two arterial reanastomoses had no significantly difference in B-mode ultrasound and CDFI. The ESA patients had a slightly better perfusion than the EEA ones in parameters of CEUS.Conclusions Transplant tissue perfusion imaging was performed by CEUS. The perfusion of ESA grafts was slightly better than that of EEA.

Objective To compare blood flow perfusion conditions of renal allograft of different renal function with conventional ultrasound and contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Methods Sixty patients underwent kidney transplatation were divided into normal group (SCr≤110 μmol/L) and abnormal group (SCr＞110 μmol/L). Renal structure and inner diameter of renal artery were messured with two-dimensional ultrasound. The hemodynamic parameters (PSV, EDV and RI) were messured with CDFI. Data of renal blood flow perfusion (AT, TTP, △I and Increase), data of renal blood flow perfusion (AT, TTP, △I and Increase) were quantitatively analyzed with CEUS combined with time intensity curve. All the data were compared between two groups.Results There was no significantly difference of above indexes for B-mode ultrasound and CDFI between two groups, except EDV of arcuate arteries. CEUS parameters of patients with normal renal function were better than those with abnormal function.Conclusion Microcirculation perfusion changes of transplanted kidney with abnormal function could be detected with CEUS. The quantitative indexes of transplanted kidney with normal function were better than those with abnormal function.

Objective To explore the difference of the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) image and quantitative parameters between two different contrast agents Fluorocarbon and SonoVue. Methods The tumor model of colorectal carcinoma in nude mice was established by injecting CT26 cells into the subcutaneous space in hepatic area of 15 nude mice. CEUS was performed with Fluorocarbon and SonoVue on the 14th day after establishment. SonoLiver software was used to analyze the dynamic image quantitatively. The difference of the CEUS image and quantitative parameters between the two contrast agents was analyzed. Results Compared with normal liver parenchyma around the tumor, the tumor ultrasound contrast performance was fast forward and rewind with low enhancement. There was no signiifcant difference between the two kinds of microbubbles not only for CEUS image but also for quantitative parameters [maximum intensity (Imax):49.53%±24.38%vs 45.04%±17.03%, rise time (RT):11.68 s±3.07 s vs 13.76 s±2.92 s, time to peak (TTP):12.76 s±4.12 s vs 15.26 s±3.74 s, T1/2:50.57 s±28.32 s vs 48.75 s±9.85 s, Imax/TTP(V1):4.48±2.82 vs 3.18±1.49, (Imax-INT60)/(60-TTP)(V2):0.67±0.34 vs 0.60±0.20, AUC1:3032.78%±1343.12%vs 3258.77%±1369.84%, AUC2:11647.38%±6183.10%vs 10439.04%±4604.65%, AUC:14680.17%±7469.85%vs 13697.81%±5831.99%, Rate of AUC1:264.25±146.93 vs 222.24±92.16, Rate of AUC2:241.67±119.97 vs 231.97±100.34, all P>0.05). No mouse was dead during the CEUS examination. Conclusion Fluorocarbon had similar CEUS imaging effect and quantitative information compared with SonoVue.

Objective To investigate the genetic relation between Cryptococcus neoformans var.the clinical strains in MLMT - 13 genotype and the environmental strains in MLMT - 36 genotype. Methods Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) method was applied for the genotype analysis in our study.Through this method, we recognized two genotypes that distinguish a majority of clinical and environmental strains. In order to compare virulence between the two types, we chose to infect BALB/c mice (6 weeks,female) with 9 MLMT-13 strains and 10 MLMT-36 strains intravenously. Results Forty( 17 clinical and 23 environmental isolates) were analyzed. Of 17 clinical strains, 9 belonged to a major type of MLMT-13 (52.9%). They were mainly isolated from clinical specimens. About 43.5% of strains from the environment belong to a major type of MLMT-36, which are indigenous to environments and which were not isolated from clinical samples. The mortality rate and pathological changes of the above mice were observed during two months after injection. The results showed that the mortality rate of mice infected with MLMT-13 strains was 100%, while the mortality rate with MLMT-36 strains was 7. 5%. The pathological sections showed that lesions of MLMT-13 infected mice appeared in the brain, lungs, liver and kidneys, while the lesions of MLMT-36 infected mice only appeared in the brain. Most brains of MLMT-13 infected mice were distorted,and both the number and size of lesions in such brains were much larger than those of MLMT-36 infected mice. Conclusion Our study illustrated the virulent difference between MLMT-13 and MLMT-36, which are isolated from patients and environment respectively. The results inferred that some genetic changes, such ss microsatellite repeats, might occur between environmental and clinical isolates through their environmental adaptation progress.

Background Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic organic fluorides, which have adverse health effects on brain function, and limited research has been conducted on their effects on depression. Objective To assess potential correlation between serum PFAS and depression. Methods Using the 2015—2016 and 2017—2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets, 2626 subjects with complete relevant information in people ≥20 years old were selected. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to analyze the association and dose-response relationship between serum PFAS concentration and depression. Subgroup analysis was performed on sex, age, race, education level, marital status, family income to poverty ratio, moderate exercise, body mass index, and drinking status. Results Among the 2626 subjects, there were 666 patients (25.4%) with mild or above depression. After adjusting for race, education level, marital status, body mass index, moderate exercise, drinking history, cotinine, and other types of PFAS, serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was positively associated with the risk of depression (OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.14, 3.02), and showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship (χ²=6.37, P_nonlinear=0.012). Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was inversely associated with the risk of depression (OR=0.23, 95%CI: 0.14, 0.39), and showed a linear dose-response relationship (P_trend<0.001, χ²=35.13, P_overall<0.001). After subgroup analysis, it was found that males, 20-39 year-olds and 40-64 year-olds were more sensitive to PFNA exposure (OR=0.15, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.37; OR=0.16, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.40; OR=0.18, 95%CI: 0.08, 0.39). PFOS only showed a statistically significant health effect in people aged 20-39 years (OR=3.00, 95%CI: 1.14, 7.94). In addition, among subgroups of non-Hispanic blacks, cohabitants, current drinkers, high school graduates, and obese patients, exposure to PFAS was significantly associated with the risk of depression. Conclusion PFOS exposure may be associated with increased levels of depression, whereas PFNA exposure may be protective.