At present, lung cancer has entered a new era of immunotherapy. However, a single immunotherapy is unable to satisfy the requirements of the immune microenvironment. More and more different combined immunotherapy schemes have become effective methods to overcome immune resistance. As a promising target in the novel immunotherapy, cancer-testis antigen (CTA) is a highly specific tumor antigen to produce a powerful anti-tumor immune response that is almost only expressed in malignant tumors. This article reviews the research progress of CTA's expression, function and immunotherapy application in lung cancer.

High mobility group A2 protein (HMGA2), an architectural factor, is highly expressed in various cancer types including lung cancers. It is a candidate target for cancer therapy. RNAi is an effective gene silencing method with low cost and less time-consuming. It is possible to exploit this technology in therapy. Here, 5 siRNAs targeting Hmga2 gene (HMGA2 siRNA1-5) were designed and synthesized. MTT assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of these siRNAs on lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H446 and A549). Results from cell proliferation, clone formation, migration and apoptosis showed that HMGA2 siRNA1, 3, 5 could affect these aspects for both lung cancer cell lines. Among the five siRNAs, HMGA2 siRNA5 showed the greatest inhibition effects. The inhibition effects of HMGA2 siRNA5 are sequence specific and are not due to the induction of interferon response. Taken together, siRNAs targeting Hmga2 gene are potential candidates for lung cancer gene therapy.

Objective To investigate the value of quantitative analysis of the left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging.Methods Twenty-eight HCM patients with normal LVEF (all of the cases were non obstructive HCM),who were diagnosed by clinical and ultrasound echocardiography between January 1,2015 and January 1,2016 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University,served as the experimental group.And twenty healthy volunteers served as the healthy control group.The peak longitudinal strain (LPS) of the left ventricle and the systolic peak of the left ventricle were calculated by the STE technique.The indexes such as the transmural gradient (△ LS=LPSEndo-LPSEpi)and the transmural gradient percentage (△ LS％=△ LS/LPSEndo) were calculated.The Peak systolic longitudinal strain of endocardium (LPSEndo),the peak systolic longitudinal strain of mid-cardium (LPSMid),the peak systolic longitudinal strain of epicardium (LPSEpi),the peak systolic longitudinal strain of basal segment (LPSb),the peak systolic longitudinal strain of middle segment (LPSm),the peak systolic longitudinal strain of apical segment (LPSa),the global peak systolic longitudinal strain (GLPS) and other left ventricular myocardial strain,such as △ LS,△ LS％,in both the HCM group and the healthy control group,were analyzed by using independent samples t test comparison.For each layer of the left ventricle and the overall myocardial longitudinal strain,two independent sample t test was used for comparison between groups,and LSD-t test was used for intra-group comparison.Results (1) There was a gradient of LPS among the three layers and the three segments in both of the two groups:LPSEndo and LPSMid [(18.36±4.97)％ vs (13.80±4.23)％,(26.41±2.93)％ vs (22.19±2.49)％],the difference was statistically significant (t=5.550,8.529,P ＜ 0.05);LPSEndo and LPSEpi [(18.36±4.97) ％ vs (11.91 ±3.63)％,(26.41±2.93)％ vs (19.43±2.20)％],the difference was statistically significant (t=5.550,8.529,P ＜ 0.05);There was significant difference between LPSMid and LPSEpi in the healthy control group [(22.19 ± 2.49)％ vs (19.43 ± 2.20)％,t=3.709,P ＜ 0.05)],that was,LPSEndo ＞ LPSMid ＞ LPSEpi.LPSa and LPSm,the difference was statistically significant (t=4.029,6.839,P ＜ 0.05);LPSa and LPSb,the difference was statistically significant (t=5.304,9.887,P ＜ 0.05);There was significant difference between LPSm and LPSb in the healthy control group (t=4.170,P ＜ 0.05);that was,LPSa ＞ LPSm ＞ LPSb.In the HCM group,LPS in the 3 layers,3 segments,and the whole left ventricular wall were lower than that of the the healthy control group,the differences were statistically significant [GLPS:(14.63± 3.75)％ vs (22.68±2.51)％,t=-8.347;LPSEndo to LPSEpi:t=-6.477,-7.909,-8.242;LPSa to LPSb:t=-6.647,-8.790,-7.267;all P ＜ 0.05).(2) Compared with the healthy control group,both the segmental gradient and global transmural gradient in the HCM group were found reduced,but the difference had no statistical significance (all P ＞ 0.05).(3) The transmural gradient percentage both in the healthy control group and the HCM group were reduced from the apical segment to the basal segment,the difference were statistically significant (HCM group:t=9.985,5.969;healthy control group:t=17.513,7.043;all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the healthy control group,the △ LS％a and the △ LS％m of HCM group were significantly higher [(58.86± 11.32)％ vs (43.70±4.73)％,(28.43± 11.48)％ vs (20.30± 3.66)％],and the difference was statistically significant (t=5.634,3.049,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions (1) Using 2D-STI could accurately determine the regional or the global left ventricular systolic function in patients with HCM.(2) The transmural gradient percentage can be more sensitive to reflect the change of the transmural gradient,and more research needed to explore its value for clinical application.

ObjectiveBy comparing the differences in composition and content of volatile components between Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（AMR）and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， the effect of processing with rice-washed water on the volatile components in AMR and bran-fried AMR were investigated. MethodHeadspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）was used to determine the volatile components in raw products， bran-fried products and their processed products with rice-washed water. GC conditions were programmed temperature（starting temperature of 50 ℃， rising to 140 ℃ at 10 ℃·min^-1， maintained for 5 min， then rising to 210 ℃ at 4 ℃·min^-1）， splitting ratio of 10∶1， high purity helium as the carrier gas and a solvent delay time of 3 min. MS conditions were an electron bombardment ion source（EI） with an electron collision energy of 70 eV， ion source temperature of 230 ℃， and the detection range of m/z 20-650. The relative contents of the components were determined by the peak area normalization method， the obtained sample data were subjected to principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） by SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components of AMR and bleaching AMR， and bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR were screened according to variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1 and P<0.05. ResultA total of 71 volatile components were identified， including 53 in AMR， 50 in bleaching AMR， 51 in bran-fried AMR， and 44 in bran-fried bleaching AMR. OPLS-DA results showed that there were significant differences between AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， but not between AMR samples from different origins. The compound composition of AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR did not change， but the contents of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes changed significantly. ConclusionSignificant changes in the contents of volatile components were observed in AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， among them， 1，2-dimethyl-4-methylidenecyclopentene， 9，10-dehydro-isolongifolene， γ-elemene， zingiberene， atractylone， silphinene， modhephene and （1S，4S，4aS）-1-isopropyl-4，7-dimethyl-1，2，3，4，4a，5-hexahydronaphthalene can be used as candidate differential markers of volatile components of AMR before and after processing with rice-washed water.

ObjectiveTo identify the chemical constituents of Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， and to investigate the changes of terpenoids in Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water. MethodUPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to detect with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B）as mobile phase for gradient elution （0-0.01 min， 20%B； 0.01-5 min， 20%-40%B； 5-40 min， 40%-95%B； 40-42 min， 95%B； 42-42.1 min， 95%-20%B； 42.1-45 min， 20%B）， electrospray ionization （ESI） was selected for collection and detection in positive ion mode with the scanning range of m/z 100-1 250 and ion source temperature at 500 ℃. The data were analyzed by PeakView 1.2.0.3， the components were identified according to the primary and secondary MS data， and combined with the reference substance and literature. After normalized treatment by MarkerView 1.2.1， the MS data were analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）， and then the differential components before and after processing were screened. The content changes of differential components were analyzed according to the relative peak area. ResultA total of 30 components were identified under positive ion mode， including 28 prototerpene triterpenes and 2 sesquiterpenes. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in components from Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water， and 10 differential components （alisol B 23-acetate， alisol I， alismol， 11-deoxy-alisol B 23-acetate， alisol B， alisol C， 11-deoxy-alisol B， alisol G， 11-deoxy-alisol C and alisol A） were screened， and the contents of alisol G and alisol A decreased significantly after processing. ConclusionUPLC-Q-TOF-MS can comprehensively and accurately identify the chemical constituents in raw and salt-processed products of Alismatis Rhizoma. It takes a great difference in the contents of chemical constituents before and after processing， and the difference of substituents is the main reason for this differences， which can provide reference for determining the material basis of efficacy changes of Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water.

OBJECTIV E To study composition an d content changes of volatile components during the bleaching process of Atractylodis macrocephala with the water of washing rice. METHODS The raw products of A. macrocephala and bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages were prepared （in the first and second stages ，raw products were bleached with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 12 h and 24 h，respectively；in the third ，fourth and fifth stages ，the raw products were firstly bleached with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 24 h，and then bleached with 9-fold volumn of clean water for 12，24 and 48 h，respectively）；the bleaching temperature was set at 26 ℃. The volatile components of raw products of A. macrocephala and its bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages were qualitatively analyzed by using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relative percentage of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. RESULTS A total of 49 volatile components were identified from raw products of A. macrocephala and its bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages，including 20 common volatile components such as terpinolene ，cyperene and atractylon ，etc. Among them ，33，31，28， 30，28 and 29 volatile components were identified from the raw products of A. macrocephala and the bleached products of the first to fifth stages ，the relative percentages of which were 66.218％ ，64.711％ ，79.410％ ，65.419％ ，67.101％ ，66.818％ ， respectively；among them ，the relative percentage of atractylon in bleached products was the highest in the fourth stage （41.206％），but was the lowest in the third stage （35.926％）. Compared with the raw product ，16 volatile components such as pethylbrene and β-vetivenen were added in the bleaching process ，while 8 volatile components such as ethyl palmitate and β-maaliene were not detected. However ，5 volatile components including 11-rotundene and （－）-valeranone in the bleaching process showed a trend of disappearance-emergence and disappearance-emergence-disappearance. CONCLUSIONS In the third stage，the total relative percentage of each volatile component and the relative percentage of representative dry component as ， atractylone are the lowest in bleached products of A. ； macrocephala，i.e. the bleaching technology of relieving the dry property of A. macrocephala e with the water of washing rice is bleaching with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 24 h，and then bleaching with 9-fold volumn of clean water for 12 h.