OBJECTIVE:To optimize the formula of pilocarpine nitrate eye drops by orthogonal test and decision design and to predict the stability of the preparation METHODS:The L9(33)orthogonal test method was used The test was performed according to the storage time and temperature,each of which took three levels to assess the stability and to choose the optimum formula to do the temperature accelerating test and estimate the stability by t0 9 methods RESULTS:The optimum point was pH4,temperature 8℃ and storage time 12 hours The storage period estimated by temperature accelerating test was 76 9 days CONCLUSION:It is simple,quick and accurate to predetermine the stability of pilocarpine nitrate eye drops by methods of orthogonal test and decision design

Superselective angiography and embolization is one of the important methods in the management of acute hemorrhage, providing mini-invasion and high efficacy, etc. The implication of angiography and embolization on bleeding were reviewed and the embolic agents as well as the interventional procedures were commented in this article.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been widely used in the treatment of malignant hepatic tumors and has achieved satisfactory effects.Complications after RFA have been taken seriously and the risk of the development of complications is closely associated with tumor location.It is a great challenge for physicians to perform RFA for hepatic tumors in high-risk locations due to related difficulties and risks.This article reviews the complications after RFA for hepatic tumors in high-risk locations and analyzes related control strategies.

Endovascular therapy is currently applied in patients with infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease.The occurrence and clinical significance of restenosis after therapy,as well as the safety and effectiveness of endovascular therapy in the treatment of infrapopliteal arterial disease were reviewed in this article.

Objective To develop a physical in vitro model of the human carotid artery(CA) and analyze the factors that influence the embolus-capturing efficiency of the retrievable artery filters. Methods The flow model closely simulated the physiological parameters of the human carotid artery. The influence of the following experimental parameters on the capturing rate was analyzed with a multiple logistic regression model: embolus diameter and length, CA diameter, flow quantity, type of filter, and type of testing. Results At the 5% level,except for flow quantity,a significant influence on the capturing rate could be demonstrated for the 6 factors mentioned above, the embolus diameter was the strongest influencing factor. In CA with diameters of 4,5,6,7 mm, the 8-wire filter captured (90?7)%, (91?8)%, (81?8)%,and (68?9)% of 0.5 mm emboli and (93?4)%, (95?6)%, (95?6)%,and (82?11)% of 1 mm emboli. In all, the smaller, the interlacing opening of the filter, the higher the capturing rate, and the presence of an embolus in a filter would decrease the capturing rate for the second embolus. Conclusion Retrievable artery filter is a promising cerebral protection device. The physical in vitro model is an effective alternative in studying the influence factors of the capturing rate of the filters.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of combined treatment with thrombolysis,PTA,and endovascular stent placement for malignant obstruction of vena cava.Methods The study included 29 patients with malignant obstruction of vena cava(superior,8 patients;inferior,21 patients).The patients underwent treatment of PTA and endovascular stent placement(for patients with complete vena cava obstruction or patients with incompletely expanding stent),or endovascular stent placement(for patients with incomplete vena cava obstruction),or endovascular stenting combined with thrombolysis(for patients with thrombosis in vena cava),respectively.Results A total of 29 stents was implanted,with a success rate of stent placement of 100%.Symptoms of SVC obstruction completely disappeared in the 8 patients.Scores of patients' IVC syndrome were declined from 4～5(median,4.2) preoperatively to 0～2(median,0.3) postoperatively,with statistically significant difference(Z=-55.245,P=0.000).Follow-up checkups for 1～20 months(mean,6.2 months) in the 29 patients found patent vena cava.There were no serious complications except for vena cava laceration in 1 patient and stent displacing to the right atrium on the third day after therapy in 1 patient.Conclusions The combined treatment of thrombolysis,PTA,and endovascular stenting is safe and effective in the treatment of vena cava obstruction.

Objective To assess the value of two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasonography in diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) .Methods Sixty-five patients with HT (HT group) confirmed histologically underwent two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasonography.Sixty volunteers with normal thyroid ultrasonogram were enrolled as control group.Ultrasonic characteristics (size,echo,blood flow distribution,peak systolic velocity of the superior thyroid artery,accompanied nodules) ,pathological finding and laboratory parameters were recorded.Results The volume of thyroid increased in HT group than that of control group (t=10.748,P＜0.001) .Ultrasonic characteristics of HT were as followed:hypoechoic parenchyma (51/65,78.46%) ,multiple liner bright echoes throughout the parenchyma (46/65,70.77%) ,single or multiple macronodules in the parenchyma (6/65,9.23%) .Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) showed obviously increased blood flow (36/65,55.38%) ,slightly increased blood flow (25/65,38.46%) ,decreased or normal blood flow (4/65,6.15%) ,among which statistical differences of T3,T4,TSH,V_(max) were detected (P＜0.001) .Conclusion There is close relationship among ultrasonic characteristics.pathological and laboratory parameters of HT.Ultrasonography has high value in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of HT.

Purpose:To evaluate the different concentration of HCPT in rabbit blood and bladder tissue between intraarterial and intravenous penfusion groups.To indentify the probability of using HCPT as a new type of anti-tumor agent delivered by the intra-arterial pesfusion method for the treating of bladder cancer.Materials and methods:Group A:40 white female rabbits were divided into 2 groups(intraarterial and intravenous)and each was subdivided according to the time intervalsof bladder tissue sampling,of 5,15,30,60,120 minites after the drug delivering.Group B:16 white female rabbits equally divieded into 2 groups(intraarterial and intravenous)for dynamic blood sampling by the intervals of 5,15,30,60,120 minitus after the drug delivering.The intra-arterial method using an artifial bilaterial super-select internal iliac artery perfunsion model defined previouysly.The intravenous method was to deliver drugs via earmarginal vena of rabbit.1mg/kg as the concentration of the drug in bladder tissure was measured by reversed-phase HPLC.Results:The concentration of the drug in bladder tissue was significantly different between the intra-arterial and intionenous groups.Drug in the bladder tissue delivered by intra-artial method was 2.17,3.41,1.51,1.52,2.33 times as much as by intra-venous method.While drugs in blood by intra-venous method was 1.92,2.03,1.77, 1.92,1.40 times as much as by intra-arterial method.Conclusion:HCPT is suitable for trans- arterial perfusion for the treating of bladder cancer.

Objective To study the arterial portography features and the impact on surgical treatment of children′s cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). Methods Angiographic findings of the arterial portography of 6 children with CTPV and its impact on surgical treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Results Abrupt occlusion of the portal vein at the porta hepatis was revealed in 5 out of 6 cases, and a masslike network of intertwined veins around the porta hepatis and many small irregular veins radiating from the network to the liver were demonstrated. Both hepatopetal and reverse flow of collateral venous pathways were defined. Valuable information of correlative vessels for surgical treatment was obtained from all 6 angiographic findings. ConclusionChildren′s CTPV have very characteristic angiographic findings, which can be very helpful for surgical management.