Three problems about the concept of validity were discussed here,which is the evolution of concept of validity and its existing problems,a new understanding of validity and how to construct validity.During the development of the concept of validity,content validity,predictive validity,construct validity as well as concurrent validity were prevailing until the emergence of construct validity in which all aspects of validity were involved.To date,the bias we put on the concept of validity were mainly originated from the way by which we have taken concept of validity as a nomological network.Actually,the concept of validity is a ontological claim which is seriously based on reference and causality.We should establish a theory hypothesis,form a test,and confirm the measure attribute,so we could obtain the validity.

Objective To explore the complications and the treatments of repeated cesarean delivery in scar uterus pregnancy accompanied by the placenta praevia. Methods We performed a retrospective study in 6832 cases underwent first cesarean delivery,within which 201 cases were accompanied by the placenta praevia;and 337 cases underwent repeated cesarean deliver, within which 26 cases were accompanied by the placenta praevia. All subjects accepted cesarean delivery from January2006 toApril 2010 in our hospital. Results The occurrence rate of placenta previa was significantly higher in the repeated cesarean delivery than first-ever cesarean delivery (7. 72% vs 2. 94%, x2 = 22. 33, P ＜ 0. 01 ) , especially the occurrence of complete placenta previa (42. 30% vs 0. 00%, x2 = 80. 43, P ＜ 0. 01 ). The rates of uterus rupture, placenta accreta, postpartum hemorrhage and hysterectomy (r = 26. 92% ,23.08% ,26. 92% and 7. 69%, respectively) in repeated cesarean delivery in scar uterus pregnancy accompanied by the placenta praevia were significantly higher than those of the cases ( r = 2. 57% ,0. 32%, 1.29% and 0. 00%, respectively ) had repeated cesarean delivery in scar uterus pregnancy but no placenta previa ( x2 = 27.97,50. 41,42. 16,12. 79, respectively, Ps ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion The incidence of placenta previa increased in scar uterus pregnancy, especially the complete placental previa.Scar uterus pregnancy accompanied by the placenta praevia are more likely to occur uterus rupture,placenta accreta,postpartum hemorrhage and had hysterectomy. Obstetricians should give more effort to reduce the cesarean section rate,improve the quality of medical care.

To identify the genotype of the 18S rDNA in Acanthamoeba species isolated from tap water inYanji city of Jilin province, the full genomic DNA sequence of the CJY/W1 strain of Acanthaqmoeba was amplified by PCR and then the amplified products were sequenced. The full-length of DNA sequence was analyzed with Clustal and Genedoe softwares. It was found that the full-length of gene of the Acanthamoeba CJY/W1 strain isolated from tap water was 2252 bps. The 18S rDNA genotype of this strain appeared to be near to the T1 type. But the percentage of the genetic difference between T1 type was 8%. According to the classification criteria of 18S rDNA, the genotype of the CJY/W1 strain might be a new one.

Objective To study the effect of data envelopment analysis evaluation on nursing efficiency in general hospitals.Method The input indexes including the number of enrolled nurse,indirect nursing time,average annual nursing consumables and average annual continuing education time and the output indexes including hospitalized patient number and year-round nursing income of 10 nursing units in our hospital during October 2012 to October 2013 were collected and analyzed with C2R,C2GS2 model and C2R/ C2GS2 ratio from Data Envelopment Analysis.Result About 5 nursing units were effective in terms of overall efficiency,8 ones in terms of unit technical efficiency and 5 one in terms of nursing unite scale efficiency.Conclusions We need improve nursing efficiency in our hospital.Nursing managers should pay attention to the results and improve working process aiming at the practical situations.

Objective: To observe the influences of Dengzhan Xixin injection(灯盏细辛注射液) on(vascular) endothelial function and neurological deficit extent in patients with acute cerebral infarction.(Methods): Eightyseven patients with mild to moderate acute cerebral infarction were randomly(divided) into Dengzhan Xixin injection treatment group(treatment group,42 cases) and control group(45 cases) by the random method of envelope and card.The patients in both groups were treated with the same basic therapy.The treatment group was treated with 40 ml of Dengzhan Xixin injection,and the control group was treated with 16 ml of salvia miltiorrhiza injection.The therapeutic course was 14 days in both groups and 2 courses were applied.The changes of circulating endothelial cell count(CEC),the levels of endothelin(ET) and(calcitonin) generelated peptide(CGRP) in plasma as well as neurological deficit were measured and(compared).Results: The plasma CEC,ET in treatment group((8.0?3.6)cells/0.9 ?l and(52.92?(4.52)ng/L)) were significantly lower than those in control group((10.2?3.3)cells/0.9 ?l and(60.12?(3.23)ng/L)),but the plasma CGRP was higher than that in the(control) group on 14 th days((65.23?(1.52)ng/L) vs.(60.12?2.14)ng/L).The differences were significant between the two groups(P

Objective: To optimize extraction conditions to completely separate ginkgolic acids off ginkgolic flavonone glycosides and terpene lactones. Methods: A liquid liquid equilibrium model was used to simulate extracting process of active components in ginkgo biloba leaves. Results of calculation and experiment were compared to value the extraction system, and the best extracting condition was established. Results: when pH=2.5, extractant consists of 20% ethanol water solution and cyclo hexane, the best extraction efficient can be obtained. Conclusion: There is a great difference between theoretical simulating distribution ratio and experiment value in order of magnitude. However, their relative relationship is consistent.

Objective To study bacterial conditions in amniotic cavity of the third trimester and the delivery. Methods Patients underwent cesarean section due to various reasons were randomly enrolled in the study. Ten ml aqua amnii taken from using aspesis were cultured and the bacteria were identified and tested for drug sensitivity. All patients were not treated with antibiotics before and during operation,conventional antibiotics treatnent was used after operation. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on their status: 34 cases of premature rupture of membrane ( PROM ), thirty-four cases of labor without PROM, and 27 cases of pregnancy without PROM. The positive rate, species , distribution and drug sensitivity of bacteria in the 3 groups were analyzed. Results The positive rate was 61.8% (21/34) in PROM ,52. 9% ( 18/34 ) in labor without PROM,11.1% (3/27)in pregnancy without PROM. The positive rates were significantly different among the 3 groups (x2 = 17.29 ,P =0.000). However, there was no significant difference between the labor without PROM group and the pregnancy without PROM group ( x2 = 0.541 , P = 0.462 ). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolated bacteria, following by staphylococcus aureas, streptococcus, colon bacillus, and pseudomonas. There were no significant differences of bacterial species between labor without PROM and pregnancy without PROM( x2 = 11.9,P =0.535 ). The relative higher positive rate in the labor without PROM and PROM indicated that they were important inducement of bacteria infection. There were no significant difference on positive rate and bacteria species distribution between the PROM and labor without PROM group,which suggested that up-bound along vagina to amniotic cavity was the most common route of infection. Sensitive antibiotics should be given to the patients of PROM and labor without PROM targeted at staphylococcus,streptococcus, colon bacillus and monad. Antibiotics such as Cephems, Penicillins and Clindamycin were sensitive to various bacteria and safe to both mother and baby, thus were recommended. Quinupristin, Vancomycin,Furantoin, Fusidic ,Teicoplanin, Amikacin and Meropenem were also sensitive to various bacteria, but due to their side effects and the principle of ladder antibiotics using, they were recommended as second line antibiotics. Conclutions Up-bound along vagina to amniotic cavity is the most common route of infection. For rupture of membrane and labor without PROM patients, antibiotics should be given, and strict aseptic technique,washing cavity and incision, using antibiotics after operation are necessary to prevent infection.

Objective To investigate the effects of medium-and long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerols on blood lipid in hyperltriacylglycerolemic subjects. Method A case-control clinical trial was carried out,in which 112 subjects with hypertriacylglycerolemia were enrolled and divided into two groups. These two groups were randomized to long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerol oil(LCT) ,and medium-and long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerol oil(MLCT) . All subjects were requested to ingest fixed energy intake and perform physical activity daily during the whole study. Both of the oils were asked to consume at 25-30g daily for consecutive 8w. Anthropometric measurements and blood biochemical variables were measured at the initial and final time of the study. Results Eleven subjects were excluded from the study because of various reasons. There were 50 and 51 subjects left in LCT and MLCT group,respectively. No difference of sex distribution was noted between two groups. There were also no significant differences in daily intake of energy,protein,fat and carbohydrate,as well as daily physical activity time between two groups at 0,2,4,6 and 8w. The subjects consuming MLCT demonstrated significant decreasesin body weight,BMI,WC,HC,WHR,body fat,body fat % compared with the initial values after 8w. A greater extent of decrease in body weight,BMI,WC,body fat and body fat% was found in MLCT group than in LCT group. The levels of TG,ApoB,ApoAII,ApoC2,ApoC3 in MLCT group were significantly lower than those in LCT group after 8 w,and the extent of decrease in these indicators was much greater in the former than in the latter. Conclusion Consumption of medium-and long-chain fatty acid oil may help to reduce body weight,body fat and concentration of blood triacylglycerol and improve apolipoprotein metabolism in hypertriacylgly cerolemic subjects under an appropriate dietary regime.

Objective To compare the effects of oil with medium-long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) on lipid metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic patients with different sex. Method One hundred and one subjects with hypertriglyceridemia were enrolled and divided into two groups. One group consumed oil with MLCT (50 subjects) and another group with long-chain fatty acid triglyceride LCT (51 subjects) for 8 w. No sex difference was noted between two groups. All subjects were informed to consume 25-30g oils daily with fixed energy and perform exercise informed. Anthropometric measurements of body weight,waist circumference (WC) body fat weight, total visceral and subcutaneous fat area in abdomen and blood biochemical variables of aspartate amino- transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), ApoB, ApoAⅡ, ApoC2, ApoC3 and ApoE were measured at initial and final time of the experiment. Results The decreases in body weight, BMI, WC, body fat weight, total and subcutaneous fat area, and blood TG, LDL-C, ApoAⅡ, ApoB, ApoC2, ApoC3, ApoE in male subjects consuming MLCT were much greater than those consuming LCT after 8 w. However, there were no significant differences in these parameters in female subjects between two groups. Conclusion Consumption of oil with MLCT reduces body weight, body fat and blood TG and improves apolipoprotein metabolism in male hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects, but not in female.

Objective:To observe the effect of internal and external use of Chinese material medica with syndrome differentiation on acne vulgaris.Methods:200 patients with acne vulgaris were randomly divided into treatment group(110 cases)and control group(90 cases).Treatment group were given acne facial mask,oral medicine decoction,and the control group were treated with13-cis-Retinoic Acid Capsules,topical Clindamycin Gel,7 weeks for a course of treatment,the clinical effect were compared.Results:The effect on facial lesion in treatment group and control group had significant difference(P