OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and the antimicrobial resistance of nonfermenters Gram-negative bacilli causing nosocomial infection.METHODS Routine method was used to isolate and identify,antibiotics susceptibility was tested by the Kirby-Bauer on the NCCLS criterion of 2001.RESULTS Among 321 strains nonfermenters Gram-negative bacilli,Pseudomonas aeruginoa was 53.9%,Acinetobacter were 17.4%,and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was 12.5%,Three kinds added up to 83.8%.CONCLUSIONS P.aeruginosea,Acinetobacter and S.maltophilia are important nonfermenters Gram-negative bacilli causing nosocomial infection and their drug resistant rate is very high.The matter is horrible in clinics,we should enforce monitoring.

OBJECTIVE To provide a practical action plan which can prevent and control the similar occurrence through studying the epidemiological characteristics of a norovirus-induced diarrhea outbreak in the wards of our hospital. METHODS To obtain the information about the epidemic situation of norovirus involving 15 patients in the two wards of our hospital, during the period from Nov 12 to 15, 2006. RESULTS It was a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in the 8 cases among 15 patients and there were other 7 sporadic cases. The consummate monitoring system on nosocomial infection could gain the information of disease, and be very helpful to control its transmission. Beijing Municipal Center for Quality Control and Improvement of the Management of Nosocomial Infection was known the information and shared it among different kinds of hospitals. Thus an unnecessary panic was avoided in Beijing at that time. CONCLUSIONS The social factor, senile situation and immunocompromise are the causes of this norovirus outbreak. The effective control measures and the information exchange in time could prevent the spread of infection. It is shown that the nosocomial infection monitoring network could catch the epidemic tendency of nosocomial infection sensitively, so to strengthen the monitoring network is the key.

Objective To evaluate the early effects on insulin resistance following sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition duodenojejunal bypass operation.Methods From Jun.2010 to Sep.2011,37 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients [23 male,14 female; mean age (45.2 ± 2.4) years,mean BMI (21.7 ± 1.8) kg/m2] underwent sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition duodenojejunal bypass operation.Fasting plasma glucose(FPG),fasting insulin(FIns),body mass index(BMI),and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMAIR) were detected before surgery and on the 10th,20th,30th,and 60th day after surgery.Results The level of FPG was (6.8 ± 0.7) mmol/L,(7.2 ± 0.6) mmol/L,(6.9 ± 0.3) mmol/L respectively on the 10th,20th,and 30th day after surgery,significantly lower than that before surgery[(10.2 ±0.4)mmol/L].The difference had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).The level of Fins was (6.3 ± 1.1) mIu/L,(7.1 ± 1.3) mIu/L,and (7.3 ± 1.6) mIu/L respectively on the 10th,20th,and 30th day after surgery,significantly lower than that before surgery[(12.6 ± 1.4)mIu/L].The difference had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).The level of lnHOMA-IR was 0.7 ± 0.2,0.9 ± 0.5,and 0.8 ±0.4 respectively on the 10th,20th,and 30th day after surgery,significantly lower than that before surgery (1.8 ±0.6).The differenc had statistical significance(P ＜0.05).However,the change of BMI was not obvious between before surgery and on the 10th,20th,and 30th day after surgery.The difference had no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).on the 60th day after surgery,the level of FPG,Fins,lnHOMA-IR and BMI was significantly reduced compared with that before surgery.The difference had statistical significantce(P ＜0.05).Conclusion After sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition duodenojejunal bypass operation,the early improvement of insulin resistance occurs rapidly and it is iadependent of the loss of BMI.

Objective:To investigate whether the habenula takes part in the depressor effect of losartan.Methods:Arterial blood pressure,heart rate and the unit dischargings of habenular neurons in rat were recorded simultaneously.Results:Arterial blood pressure was apparently decreased by 10 mg/kg losartan intraperitoneally(ip),but heart rate did not change;63.64% (21/33) unit dischargings of habenular neurons was increased in the rate of discharges.Conclusion:The depressor effect of losartan (ip) may be involved in the excitation of habenular neurons by lsoartan(ip).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on mRNA expressions of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cysteinyl-aspartate specific protease-1 (caspase-1), caspase-3 and caspase-8 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: Focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats was induced by the method of nylon monofilament via the internal carotid artery. PNS was administered intraperitoneally respectively five minutes before cerebral ischemia and twelve hours after cerebral ischemia. After cerebral ischemia for two hours followed by reperfusion for twenty two hours, the mRNA expressions of IL-1 beta, IL-1RI, IL-1ra, ICAM-1, caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 in brain tissue were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: After cerebral ischemia for two hours followed by reperfusion for twenty two hours, the mRNA expression levels of IL-1 beta, IL-1RI, IL-1ra, ICAM-1, caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 in brain tissue in the untreated group were obviously elevated as compared to those in the sham-operation group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The mRNA expression levels of IL-1 beta, IL-1RI, IL-1ra in brain tissue in the PNS group were lower than those in the untreated group, but higher than those in the sham-operation group, and without statistical differences as compared to those in the sham-operation group and in the untreated group (P>0.05). The mRNA expression level of caspase-3 in brain tissue in the PNS group was significantly lower than that in the untreated group (P<0.05), but PNS had no effect on the mRNA expression levels of ICAM-1, caspase-1 and caspase-8 in brain tissue. CONCLUSION: PNS can inhibit the mRNA expression of caspase-3, slightly inhibit the mRNA expressions of IL-1 beta and its correlative inflammatory factors in brain tissue. The protective effects of PNS on cerebral injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion may be related to inhibiting the mRNA expressions of caspase-3, IL-1 beta and its correlative inflammatory factors in brain tissue.

Objective To make sure the effect of dialysate composition on HPMCs.Methods Cell strains were subculturing.There are six groups in this experiment: Group 1(control);group 2(4.25% Glucose);group 3(1.75mmol/L Ca~(2+));group 4(1.25 mmol/L Ca~(2+));group 5(4.25% Glucose+1.75mmol/L Ca~(2+));group 6(4.25% Glucose+1.25mmol/L Ca~(2+)).The capacity of proliferation of HPMCs was assessed by MTT assay. Results Proliferation of HPMCs was inhibited in 4.25% glucose group in time dependence.Ca~(2+) induce proliferation of HPMCs,however,no effect on proliferation of HPMCs exists in different Ca~(2+) group.Conclusion High glucose can inhibit cell proliferation;Ca~(2+)(1.75mmol/L,1.25mmol/L) can promote the proliferation and 1.25mmol/L is better.

Objective To evaluate sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition and duodenojejunal bypass for the treatment of nonobese Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Forty one patients of nonobese Type 2 diabetes mellitus underwent sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition and duodenojejunal bypass.Fasting glucose ( FPG ),glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbAlc ),fasting insulin and C-peptide,triglycerides (TG),high density lipoprotein(HDL),low density lipeprotein(LDL) were measured preoperatively and on postoperative first,3rd,6th month.Results Mean postoperative follow-up was 9.6 months (range 6-21 months).95％ patients achieved adequate glycemic control (HbAlc ＜ 7％ ) without antidiabetic medication.Fasting glycemia decreased from ( 9.7 ± 0.4 ) mmol/L to ( 6.2 ± 0.3 ) mmol/L ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Glycosylated hemoglobin decreased from 8.1％ ± 1.4％ to 5.8％ ± 0.6％ ( P ＜ 0.01 ).2-hour postprandial blood glucose decreased from ( 13.6 ± 0.7 ) mmol/L to ( 10.6 ± 0.2 ) mmol/L ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Insulin resistance (Homa-R) decreased from 4.8 ± 1.3 to 1.2 ±0.4 (P ＜0.01 ).Fasting C-peptide increased from ( 3.3 ± 1.7 ) ng/ml to (4.9 ± 0.2 ) ng/ml ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Fasting insulin increased from ( 10.2 + 1.4 ) mlu/L to (15.6±0.7) mlu/L(P＜0.01 ).Triglycerides (TG) decreased from (3.1 ±0.5) mmol/L to (1.9 ±0.4) mmol/L ( P ＜ 0.01 ).High density lipoprotein (HDL) increased from ( 1.2 ±± 0.2 ) mmol/L to ( 1.9 ±0.8 ) mmol/L( P ＜ 0.01 ).Low density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased from (3.5 ± 0.3 ) mmol/L to (2.4 ±0.6) mmol/L (P ＜0.01 ).Hypertension was controlled in 3/7 cases.Microalbuminuria resolved in 78％ patients.Retinopathy was improved in 53％ cases.Conclusions Sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition duodenojejunal bypass is effective for treatment of nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus as showed by 6 month's follow-up.

0.05).Ticlopidine could inhibit thrombosis induced by ferric chloride,but it did not influence TXB_2 and 6-keto-PGF_1? content and activities of AT-Ⅲ and PC in the plasma.Ticlopidine could enhance activity of t-PA in the plasma.It may be related to the decrease of t-PA consumption by inhibiting thrombosis.Antithrombosis action of ticlopidine may not be concerned to inhibiting production of TXB_2 of platelet.LMWH could inhibit thrombosis also,but it did not influence TXB_2 and 6-ketoPGF_(1?) content in the plasma.LMWH could enhance activities of t-PA and t-PA/PAI-1 ratio,which may be related to the promoting release of t-PA in vascular endothelial cells.LMWH could reduce activity of AT-Ⅲ,which may be concerned with combination of LMWH and AT-Ⅲ result in AT-Ⅲ consumption.Conclusion Ferric chloride may induce occlusive thrombosis in rats.Thrombosis may be associated with activation of platelet and blood coagulation system,lower of anticoagulative protein and fibrinolytic activity.

OBJECTIVE:To explore basic technology for synthesis of active ingredients of Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis,and provide necessary technical support for comprehensive development of O. xuefengensis sourse. METHODS:Submerged fermenta-tion method was used to cultivate the mycelium,achieving efficient synthesis of active ingredients by controlling medium composi-tion and cultivation conditions. Using the bacteria as starting strain,the effects of different carbon sources (sucrose,glucose and soluble starch),different nitrogen sources (peptone,yeast extract powder,yeast extract,sodium nitrate,potassium nitrate and urea),different vitamin B(vitamin B1 and vitamin B complex)and different initial pH(pH was set at 4,5,6,7,8 and 9,re-spectively)on mycelial growth,extracellular and intracellular polysaccharide synthesis,cordycepin synthesis and intracellular triter-penoid synthesis were investigated to screen the optimal medium composition. RESULTS:The optimal carbon source,nitrogen source,vitamin B and initial pH were sucrose,yeast extract powder,vitamin B1 and 8,respectively. High biomass and metabolite accumulation levels can be obtained when carbon source was sucrose,nitrogen source was yeast extract powder,adding 0.1 g/L vi-tamin B1 with initial pH of 8. CONCLUSIONS:O. xuefengensis can efficiently accumulate metabolites,and achieve the optimiza-tion of strain cell growth and synthesis of active metabolite by optimizing and controlling the fermentation process.

A method for the determination of decabrominated diphenyl ether(decaBDE) in sediment samples at trace level using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) has developed.Based on the data of interactive orthogonal array design, the optimization experimental conditions were obtained with BP artificial neural network model: 1.00 mL methanol as dispersive solvent, 35.0 μL dodecanol as extractive solvent, 10.00% NaCl, pH 5, and extraction in 10 min.The extraction recovery (ER) was 62.22% at the extraction conditions.The proposed method exhibited a wide linear range(3.5-1400 ng/g) with R~2 =0.9921.The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method were 2.3 pg/g(S/N =2) and 5.6 pg/g(S/N = 5), respectively.The recoveries of real samples at different spiking levels of decaBDE were 104.2%, 98.4% and 97.7%, respectively.Extraction, concentration and separation procedures for decaBDE from the sediment sample were carried out by one step, and hence, the process of DLLME-SFO for decaBDE was shortened.