Noroviruses are members of Caliciviridae family and are now the most commonly reported cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.Noroviruses gastroenteritis is difficult to control owing to the lack of a suitable antiviral agent or a vaccine to prevent infection.The tremendous disease burden of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis calls for an efficient preventive and therapeutic drugs.This review summarized the anti-noroviruses strategies targeting the nons-structural proteins,structural protein and so on.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis,and it is associated with the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases.This article reviews the mechanism of action of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease,and the neuroprotective effects of NADPH oxidase inhibitors.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in Chinese Han population in Shanghai area.Methods The patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and normal controls were enrolled.The polymerase chain reaction and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to detect the genotypes and alleles of NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G.Results A total of 128 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and 151 healthy controls were enrolled.The levels of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,glucose,and triacylglycerol,as well as the proportions of smoking and alcohol consumption in patients of the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in AA,AG,and GG genotypes (42.2％,44.5％,and 13.3％ vs.63.6％,27.8％,and 8.6％,x2 =12.757,P =0.002) and in A and G allele (64.5％ and 35.5％ vs.77.5％ and 22.5％ ;x2 =8.734,P=0.001) frequencies between the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group and the control group.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) (odds ratio [OR] 13.952,95％ confidence interval [CI] 7.242-26.879; P ＜ 0.001),apolipoprotein A ≥ 0.99 mmol/L (OR 3.139,95％ CI 1.012-9.733; P =0.048),and AG +GG genotype (OR 2.333,95％ CI 1.253-4.342; P=0.008) were the independent risk factors for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Conclusions Among the Chinese Han population in Shanghai area,the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism is an independent risk factor for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the relationship between polymorphism of G-protein ?3 subunit (GNB3) gene and the emotion trait of chest stuffiness and pains patient. Methods The GNB3 gene type in 27 patients of depression of chest stuffiness and pains, 40 patients of no depression of chest stuffiness and pains, and 20 patients of healthy subjects (control) was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment incision enzyme, and score of depression was evaluated. Result Occurrence of depression in chest stuffiness and pains was significantly higher than that in control (P

EphA1,the first member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family,not only plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and angiogenesis,but also expresses in some types of adult human tissues.Its specific characteristics of Eph/ephrin binding and the Eph/ephrin signaling transduction are fundamentally involved in tumor initiation,progression and metastasis.The expression levels of EphA1 vary considerably in different types of normal tissues and tumors,or even in different phases of tumor development,suggestive of its functional pluralism.Intensive studies of EphA1 on angiogenesis,carcinogenesis and metastasis may provide a method for the early diagnosis and a potential target for the treatment of cancers.

Castleman's disease(CD),known as giant lymph node hyperplasia,is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder,whose etiology has not been definitively established.Clinically CD is categorized into unicentric and multicentric,and histologically,subdivided into three subtypes,hyaline vascular variant,plasma cell variant and mixed variant.Different variants usually require inconsistent therapeutic measures and have different prognoses.The present paper gives an overview of the pathogenesis,treatment and prognosis of CD,with emphasis on the stroma-rich variant,a special subtype of CD of the hyaline vascular variant.

Objective To study the effects of different inner face status of human venous blood container on platelet activation. Methods The plastic( polyethene terephthalate,PET) and glass tubes were coated with polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane(L722). The contact angles of L722-coated glass and L722- coated PET tubes, glass tubes, PET tubes, silane coupling agent-coated glass tubes and polypropylene (PP) tubes were analyzed respectively. The blood were drawn into above tubes, and then incubated in a roller bottle at room temperature for 10-60 mira The marker of activated platelete, CD62p, was detected by flow cytometry(FCM). Results The inner face contact angle of the blood collection tubes with different material and surface treatment reflected platelet activation to a certain extent, but was not linear. The percent age of CD62p positive platelets in L722-modified PET tubes reduced from (37.4 ±14. 8) % to(21.9 ± 12. 4) %. The platelet activation by glass tubes was (54.5 ± 18.6 ) %, markedly more than PET tubes. While membrane formed, the platelet activation by glass tubes decreased remarkably, and the percentage of CD62p positive platelet in silane coupling agent-coated glass tubes were ( 28. 3 ± 8.2 ) %,markedly less than that of the L722-coated glass tubes. The platelet activation by PET-based material ectally modified with L722 was obviously less than L722-coated glass tubes and the percentage of CD62p positive platelet in silane coupling agent-coated glass tubes were ( 41.5 ± 15.9 ) % and ( 22. 0 ± 12. 8 ) %,respectively. The time course of platelet activation by different tubes showed that the platelet activation by L722-coated PET tubes and polypropylene tubes in 60 rain was not significantly different from the results in30 mitt Conclusions The diverse surface energy status induced by different material and surface treatment of blood collection tubes have obvious effects on the activation of platelets. The silicic oil surface treatment can effectively improve the blood compatibility of blood collection tubes. CD62p detectod by FCM is a sensitive marker for the evaluation of the activation of platelets induced by the material of blood collection tubes. It is of importance in the establishment of surface treatment model of blood container and screening out the material of clinical application.

Objective To investigate the change of serum prealbumin (PA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in burn patients and its clinical significance.Methods Sixty eight cases of burn patients were divided into two groups,group Ⅰ [n=38,with total burn surface area less than 15% of total body surface area (TBSA)] and groupⅡ(n=30,with total burn surface area more than 50% of TBSA). Thirty healthy people were set as healthy control group. Particle enhanced immunoturbidimetic assay was applied to detecting the serum levels of PA and CRP for all subjects on the day 1 after burns.Results The CRP level was much higher and serum level of PA was much lower in group Ⅱ than that of group Ⅰ,respectively. There existed significant negative correlation between PA and CRP level.Conclusion The level of serum PA decreases significantly along with total burn surface area expansion. PA can be used as a sensitive marker for estimation of inflammation degree after burns.

OBJECTIVE: As a part of the whole skeleton,oral maxilloficial bone can also be affected by the risk factors of systemic osteoporosis. This paper reviewed literature on the possible correlation of systemic osteoporosis with oral alveolar bone resorption,periodontal disease,healing of implanted denture and temporomandibular joint disease that result from oral maxillofacial osteoporosis.DATA SOURCES: Literature in English between January 1999 and December 2003 were searched with the computer in Medline Database by the following key words: osteoporosis,alveolar trophy,periodontitis,implanted denture and tempororomandibular joint with; meanwhile literature was also searched in Chinese Periodical Database and Wanfang Database of the same period by the same key words in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: Literature involving treatment group and control group were screened in the first trial. Then those non-randomized clinical trials were excluded and the others were looked up for full text. Inclusion criteria: randomized controlled clinical trial(RTC) . Exclusion criteria: repeated study.DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 27 articles of randomized or non-randomized studies on the possible association of systemic osteoporosis with oral alveolar bone atrophy, implanted denture and temporomandibular joint disease were collected,and 18 trials met the inclusion criteria.DATA SYNTHESIS: All subjects in the 18 studies were confirmed of having osteoporosis according the diagnostic standards. Changes of oral maxillofacial bone in systemic osteoporosis were explored by observing bone density,residual teeth, the height of alveolar ridge so as to make comparative and correlation analysis.CONCLUSION: In systemic osteoporosis, mandible bone may also have rarefaction changes.

OBJECTIVE: Factors that result in systemic osteoporosis will also affect maxillofacial bones for the latter is a component of skeleton. Present studies are being focused on how is the effect of the drugs that are used to treat systemic osteoporosis on maxillofacial bones. In this article we reviewedclinical and experimental studies about the drugs that acts on maxillomandibular and alveolar bone loss in order to find treatment for maxillofacial bone loss.DATA SOURCES: Medline was searched from January 1999 to October 2001 for English literatures with the searching words of "osteoporosis,mandible, bisphosphonates, herb, estradiol." And Chinese journal database was also searched from January 1995 to December 2004 for Chinese literatures with the searching words of "osteoporosis, mandible, bisphosphonates,herb estradiol"DATA SELECTION: The literatures of therapeutic and controlled studies were chosen, from which the non-random trials and repeated ones were excluded. The full texts of the remaining literatures were found and those of random and controlled trials were included in this review.DATA EXTRACTION: Seventeen literatures that were about random trials on the treatment of maxillofacial bone loss were collected. Thirteen of these 17 were included in this review and 4 of repeated trials were excluded.DATA SYNTHESIS: The subjects in the 17 literatures were all patients with osteoporosis that were in compatible with diagnosis standard. Drugs that act by inhibiting bone resorption, increasing bone mass and ameliorating bone quality were used. The effects of the drugs were compared and analyzed in perspective of the density, mass and strength of bone.CONCLUSION: Medicines for systemic osteoporosis are effective in ameliorating maxillomandibular bone structure, delaying alveolar bone resorption and promoting new bone formation.