Objective To evaluate the capabilities of disc diffusion and Vitek2-compact GN13 methods for testing antimicrobial susceptibility of screening ESBLs ( extended-spectrumβ-lactamase) in En-terobacteriaceae clinical isolates.Methods A total of 93 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated from pa-tients with intra-abdominal infections in 21 hospitals during 2011 to 2012.The in vitro minimum inhibition concentration ( MIC ) values of ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, ertapenem, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were determined by disc diffu-sion, Vitek2-compact GN13 and broth microdilution methods, respectively.Categorical agreement ( CA ) rates of disc diffusion and Vitek2-compact GN13 methods were determined by using broth microdilution meth-od as the reference method.The genes encoding ESBLs were screened in Escherichia coli (E.coli), Kleb-siella pneumoniae (K.pneumonia), Klebsiella oxytoca (K.oxytoca) and Proteus mirabilis (P.mirabilis) strains by using PCR analysis and gene sequencing.Disc diffusion and Vitek2-compact GN13 methods were used for the phenotypic confirmatory test of ESBLs and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the two tests were evaluated.Results The CA values of disc diffusion and Vitek2-compact GN13 methods for the 10 antibiotics were all >90% as compared with broth microdilution method.The major error (ME) rate for ertapenem was 3.2%and the very major error (VME) rates for am- picillin-sulbactam, ceftazidime and cefepime tests were all 2.2% by using Vitek2-compact GN13 method. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of disc diffusion and Vitek2-compact GN13 methods in the phenotypic confirmatory test of ESBLs were 96.7%(29/30), 100%(20/20), 100%(30/30) and 95%(19/20), respectively.Conclusion Both disc diffusion and Vitek2-compact GN13 methods could be used for testing the antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates with the advantage of accuarcy.Attention should be paid to the posibil-lity of oaurance of ME and VME when testing ertapenem, ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftazidime and cefepime by using Vitek2-compact GN13 method.

Objective To investigate the effect of venlafaxine on learning and memory ability in rats with vascular dementia(VD).Methods Totally 90 Wistar rats were divided into sham-operation group,model group and treatment group (n=30 for each).The VD rat model was established by modified pulsinellis 4-vessel occlusion (4 VO).Rats in the sham-operation group and model group were administered with gastric perfusion of distilled water.Rats in the treatment group were administrated with gastric perfusion of Venlafaxine at 15 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks from the 2nd day after the modeling.The one-way avoidance test was performed to study the learning-memory ability of each group.The contents of norepinephrine,5-hydroxytryptamine and BDNF in the hippocampus and cortex of rats were observed.Results Model group demonstrated a decrease in the percentage of one-way avoidance test (50.3±6.2 vs.92.3±5.6,P＜0.01) as compared with sham-operation group,and this value was increased in treatment group (62 2±4.6).Compared with the sham-operation group,the contents of NE and 5-HT in the hippocampus [(226±34) pg/g and (340±40) pg/g],and cortex [(601±66) pg/g and (657±43) pg/g] in rat brains of model group were decreased (P＜0.01),while increased in treatment group [(264±45) pg/g and (379±42)pg/g,(665±68) pg/g and (798±51)pg/g,P＜0.05].The OD value of BDNF in the hippocampus (0.495±0.041) and cortex (0.488±0.042) were increased (P＜0.05) in model group,and in treatment group,BDNF levels were more higher (0.579±0.044 and 0.578±0.06/4,P＜0.05).Conclusions The content of brain monoamine neurotransmitters are decreased in rats with VD,while venlafaxine can improve the learning memory ability in model rats through increasing the levels of 5-HT,NE and BDNF in hippocampus and cortex.

Objective To investigate the effect of meisoindigo inducing primary K562 cell apoptosis and its influence on the expression of conduction signal STAT5.Methods K562 cell was treated with meisoindigo for 12 h、24 h、48 h respectively.Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and cell cycle,and Western blot was employed to examine the alteration of the expression of STAT5.Results ①The rate of K562 cell apoptosis treated with meisoindigo for 12 h、24 h、and 48 h was 12.5 ± 0.69,19.4± 1.07 and 42.5 ± 3.22,showing statistical significance compared with the control group (P＜0.05).②Meisoindigo could block K562 cell at the S stage,the ratio of S stage cell was increased to 70.48±6.34 with the decrease of cells at G0/G1 and G2/M stage.③Gradually reduced expression of STAT5 showed after K562 cells treated with meisoindigo from 12h to 48h.Conclusion Meisoindigo accelerrates the apoptosis of K562 cell and the mechanism may relevant to the decreased expression of STAT5.

Objective To observe the effect of connect meridians inducing Yin from Yang on muscle-tension after cerebral infarction. Methods 82 patients with cerebral infarction in Second Hospital of Harbin from 2010 to 2014 were divided into observation group (n=41) and control group (n=41) according to hospitalization order. The observation group accepted acupuncture of connecting meridians inducing Yin from Yang, and the control group accepted the traditional acupuncture method for 2 weeks. The situation of spasticity, the motor limb function of limbs, and activities of daily living were evaluated with modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Clinic Spasticity Index (CSI), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Barthel index (BI), respectively. Results Compared with the control group, the score of MAS decreased (t=2.212, P=0.030), the score of CSI decreased (t=2.514, P=0.014), the score of FMA increased (t=4.288, P<0.001), and the score of BI in-creased (t=2.970, P=0.004) in the observation group after treatment. Conclusion The acupuncture of connecting meridians inducing Yin from Yang can reduce the muscle-tension of limbs, improve the motor function and increase the activities of daily living.

Objectives To study the performance of different microbial automated inoculation systems and to evaluate the performance of the Probact microbial automated inoculation and incubation system ( Probact system) and its applications in clinical microbiology laboratory.Methods A total of 160 clinical specimens, including respiratory secretions ( n=61 ) , urine ( n=49 ) , and feces ( n=50 ) , that were submitted to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from February 2015 to April 2015 were evaluated.These specimens were processed with conventional manual method, the Probact automated inoculation system, and PREVI Isola Inoculator.The quantity of bacterial species recovery, number of effectively isolated colonies, total number of colonies recovery per plate, and time of processing the 160 specimens by the three methods were evaluated. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test were used for statistical analysis.Results The Probact system had significantly higher quantity of bacterial species recovery (respiratory specimens 3.41 ±1.40, urine 1.92 ±0.86, and feces 1.16 ±0.79) than those by the Isola Inoculator (respiratory specimens 3.75 ±1.29, urine 2.24 ±0.97, and feces 1.92 ±0.72), (P=0.006, 0.011, <0.001).Compared to the manual method, Probact performed less quantity of bacterial species recovery for respiratory specimens(3.85 ±1.38), but higher in feces(0.80 ±0.81)( P<0.001).There is no significant differences for urine ( 1.84 ±1.23 ) ( P=0.266 ) .As for number of isolated colony, the Probact system ( respiratory specimens 12.16 ±7.72, urine 2.71 ±4.24, and feces 5.40 ±5.04 ) had significant smaller numbers than that of Isola Inoculator (respiratory specimens 16.56 ±5.76, urine 4.35 ± 4.89, and feces 8.40 ±3.70) (P<0.001,0.007,0.003).However, both system had larger numbers of isolated colonies than those by the manual method (respiratory specimens 11.30 ±8.42, urine 2.67 ±4.34, and feces 1.90 ±3.90) and the difference was significant for fecal specimens(P<0.001).Regarding the total number of colonies recovery, larger number was found by Isola Inoculator than that by the Probact system for fecal specimens, however, there were no significant differences for respiratory or urine specimens (P=0.524,0.738).Compared with manual method, the Probact system had significantly more numbers of colonies recovery for respiratory and fecal specimens ( P<0.001 ) . The total time for processing 160 specimens was shortest for manual method (281 min), followed by Probact system (419 min) and Isola Inoculator (495 min) .Conclusions The performance of the Probact system is better than the manual method but no superior to the Isola Inoculator.The Probact system can meet the clinical need in terms of full automation and standardization of specimen inoculation and prevention of bias of processing by laboratory staffs using manual method.

Objective To explore the effect of Yuduqing on the apoptosis of CML K562 cells cultured in vitro and its molecular mechanism.Methods In serologic pharmacological test,the K562 cells were divided into 8 different groups.Serum with imatinib plus Yuduqing (high-dose,middle-dose,low-dose) were added into the cells respectively in the 8 groups of K562 cells.Morphological assessment of apoptosis was performed with optical microscope,the rates of apoptosis and the cell cycles analysis was performed with flow cytometry at 12 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h time points respectively after the intervention.Results The primary cell of normal control group had a low rate of apoptosis,while the blank control group K562 cell apoptosis rate was lower,the difference is significant (P＜0.05).The differences between the rates of apoptosis in high-dose,middle-dose and low-dose Yuduqing groups and those in normal control group and blank control group were significant in 12 hours or 24 hours (P＜0.05).Drug groups showed significant differences of pair-comparison in groups and a certain time dose dependence.But the rate of apoptosis(31.48± 6.58) in k562 cells in high-dose Yuduqing group did not increase further at 72 hours after the intervention and it was not statistically different from that of 48 hours,nor statistically different from that of middle-dose group at 72 hours(27.54±5.89) after the intervention (P＞0.05).The rate ofapoptosis in k562 cells in imatinib group (23.80±6.94) was relatively high at 12 hours after the intervention and it was significantly different from that in blank control group (P＜0.05).The rates of apoptosis in imatinib and Yuduqing (high-dose,middle-dose,and low-dose) groups were significantly higher than those in imatinib group or Yuduqing high-dose,middle-dose,and low-dose)groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Serum with Yuduqing could induce apoptosis of K562 cells cultured in vitro and its action was dose-time dependent; Serum with Yuduqing (high-dose and middle-dose) was similar to serum with imatinib in inducing apoptosis of K562 cells cultured in vitro; Yuduqing could enhance the efficacy of imatinib.

Objective:To compare the similarities and differences of doctor -patient trust building mechanism between doctors in urban and rural areas from the perspective of rural residents by the empirical study .Methods:Based on the field research and secondary in -depth interviews to the related personnel in H County of Beijing .Re-sults:There had obvious difference of doctor -patient trust building mechanism between doctors in urban and rural areas from the perspective of rural residents .Trust building mechanism between village doctors were mainly the trust of the similar social background , between the doctors in township health centers and city hospital were the trust based on reputation , institution-based trust , and relationship-based trust .Conclusion:The difference of re-gional and cultural between urban and rural areas ,the nature of medical institutions the relationship with doctors , reputation of medical institution and medical and health care system in urban and rural areas ,maybe the reasons that The difference of doctor -patient trust building mechanism between doctors in urban and rural areas .

This article was aimed to determine the feasibility of neutral borosilicate glass ampoule as the inner packing material of Ginkgolides meglumine injection by studying the drug compatibility between Ginkgolides me-glumine injection and neutral borosilicate glass ampoule. On the basis of the Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials and Drug Compatibility Test Guidance Rules, the study was carried on the compatibility between Ginkgolides me-glumine injection and neutral borosilicate glass ampoule for packaging materials. The results showed that no mi-gration or adsorption quality of change between the Ginkgolides meglumine injection and neutral borosilicate glass ampoule. It had good compatibility between neutral borosilicate glass ampoule and Ginkgolides meglumine injec-tion. It was concluded that neutral borosilicate glass can be used as the packing materials of Ginkgolides meglumine injection.

This study was aimed to explore the impact of activated carbon adsorption modified by different concentrations of nitric acid and ammonia,in order to examine the impact on adsorption of mannotriose by modified activated carbon.The activated carbon was processed by different concentrations of nitric acid and ammonia.And then,the adsorption capacity of benzene,iodine,methylene blue and the purification effects on mannotriose were measured.The results showed that the active carbon modified by nitric acid and ammonia had some changes of adsorptions for methylene blue,iodine and benzene.The purification effect of mannotriose with nitric acid-modified activated carbon was declined.The purification effect of mannotriose with ammonia-modified activated carbon was increased.It was concluded that the pore structure of activated carbon had been changed by nitric acid and ammonia.The adsorption capacity of nitric acid modified active carbon to mannotriose was declined.However,the adsorption capacity of ammonia modified active carbon to mannotriose was increased.It showed that ammonia modified active carbon was suitable for the purification of mannotriose.And the adsorption capacity of iodine reflected the adsorption capacity of mannotriose by active carbon.

Objective To evaluate the performance of domestic matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry system Clin-TOF-Ⅱ MS with BioExplorer V2.3 database ( Clin-TOF MS system) on gram-negative bacteria identification.Methods This was a methodological comparison study.A total of 1 025 gram-negative strains of 32 genus, 56 species or species complex were included in this study from 1999 to 2000 and 2014 to 2016 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.The Bruker Biotyper MS system ( Bruker MS system ) , Bruker Autoflex Speed with Biotyper v 3.1 database were used as control.Identification by both MALDI-TOF MS systems were parallel conducted by direct smear method.The 16S rDNA sequencing based identification was performed when either MALDI-TOF MS system gave“unbelievable result” or results from two systems were not consistent.Results Amongst the isolates studied, 98.05% (1 005/1 025) was correctly identified to species or species complex level by Clin-TOF MS system.Comparatively, 99.22%(1 017/1 025) was correctly identified by Bruker MS system.There were 17 isolates just identified to genus level and 2 isolates were “no identification” by Clin-TOF MS system, meanwhile 1 Pseudomonas monteilii misidentified as P.putida.There were only two 2 isolates identified to genus level and 3 isolates were“no identification” by Bruker MS system.But it misidentified all 3 Aeromonas hydrophila (2 isolates as A.caviae and 1 isolate as A.media).It′s noted that both MS systems identified 1 Chryseobacterium gleum and 1 C. bernardetii to genus level.Conclusion The identification capability of domestic Clin-TOF MS system was good on gram-negative bacteria.