Objective To study the effect of hypertension on motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with white matter lesion (WML).Methods Two hundred and nineteen PD patients with WML were divided into hypokinesia group (n=137) and non hypokinesia group (n=82).The patients were followed up for 1 year.The relationship of vascular risk factors with hypertension and hypokinesia was analyzed.Results The age was older,the incidence of hypertension,DM and lipidemia was higher,the SBP and DBP were higher in hypokinesia group than in non hypokinesia group (P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Logistics regression analysis showed that age,hypertension and DM were the risk factors for hypokinesia in PD patients with WML (OR =1.78,95 ％CI:1.43-2.14,OR =1.97,95 ％0 CI:1.49-2.52,OR =1.63,95 ％ CI:1.31-1.94).Further analysis showed that grade 2 and 3 hypertension were closely related the risk of hypokinesia in PD patients with WML(OR=1.62,95％CI:1.29-1.95;OR=2.19,95％CI:1.49-2.91).Conclusion Hypertension,especially grade 2 and 3 hypertension,can aggravate hypokinesia in PD patients with WML.

Objective To explore the value of contrast?enhanced T1 mapping technique in differentiating between recurrence and radiation necrosis of brain metastases after gamma knife treatment. Methods From March 2016 to June 2017,56 patients with brain metastases treated by gamma knife and confirmed by pathology or follow?up in Shandong Provincial Hospital were prospectively collected. Routine MRI and contrast?enhanced T1 mapping sequence scan were performed. T1 value was obtained 5 mins (T1 5 min) and 60 mins (T1 60 min) after injection of contrast agent. The Differences betweenT1 60 min and T1 5 min (T1 differ) was calculated,and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) value was obtained. Patients were divided into radiation necrosis group and tumor recurrence group according to imaging follow?up results or pathological results. Two?sides unpaired t test was used to compare the differences in T1 5 min,T1 60 min,T1 differ and rCBV between the 2 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between T1 differ and rCBV, and the receiving operating curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of MRI quantitative parameters,and Z test was used to compare the differences of area under curve (AUC) between T1 differ and rCBV values. Results Of the 56 patients,27 had tumor recurrence and 29 had radiation necrosis. The differences in T1 5 min,T1 60 min,T1 differ and rCBV between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). T1 differ and rCBV values were significantly correlated, r=0.58, P<0.01. The differential diagnosis of AUC between radiation necrosis and tumor recurrence were 0.66,0.73,0.97 and 0.95 respectively in T1 5 min,T1 60 min, T1 differ and rCBV, and there was no significant differences between AUC in T1 differ and rCBV (P=0.274). Conclusion The contrast?enhanced T1 mapping image can be used for differential diagnosis between radiation necrosis and recurrence after gamma knife treatment of brain metastases. T1 differ value has high differential efficiency.

Objective:To analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics in children diagnosed with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) after repeated renal biopsy.Methods:The clinicopathological data of children who ever experienced renal biopsy in Jinling Hospital from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical manifestations, pathological characteristics and treatment responses were analyzed.Results:Of the 34 enrolled patients, there were 22 males and 12 females. The median age of the first renal biopsy was 14 years old (1-18 years old), and the median interval between repeat renal biopsy and first renal biopsy was 6 months (1-151 months). Thirty-one showed nephrotic syndrome, of which 22 had microscopic hematuria, and 4 had elevated serum creatinine. Among the other 3 patients, 2 had hematuria and proteinuria, and 1 had proteinuria. In the first renal biopsy, 16 cases were diagnosed as minimal change disease, 14 cases were diagnosed as mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, 2 cases were diagnosed as IgA nephropathy, and 2 cases were diagnosed as IgM nephropathy. All 34 children showed poor responses to hormone and immunosuppressive therapies. The pathological features of the first renal biopsy in some patients were adhesion (2/34), decreased loop podocyte attachment (2/34), peripheral loop extension to the urinary pole (2/34), renal tubular reflux (4/34), capillary thrombosis (2/34) and IgM deposition (12/34).Conclusions:The initial diagnosis of FSGS is difficult, and the lesions are atypical and easily misdiagnosed. The patients have poor responses to hormone and immunosuppressive therapies. For patients with the pathological changes of adhesion, decreased loop podocyte attachment, peripheral loop extension to the urinary pole, renal tubular reflux, capillary thrombosis and IgM deposition, follow-up is required, and if necessary, repeat renal biopsy needs be performed to determine whether it is FSGS.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study investigated the contribution of white-matter hyperintensities (WMH) and lacunar infarcts (LI) to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an elderly cohort in China. METHODS: Older adults who were initially cognitively normal were examined with MRI at baseline, and followed for 5 years. WMH were classified as mild, moderate, or severe, and LI were classified into a few LI (1 to 3) or many LI (≥4). Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination and the Activities of Daily Living scale. RESULTS: Among the 2,626 subjects, 357 developed AD by the end of the 5-year follow-up period. After adjusting for age and other potential confounders, having only WMH, having only LI, and having both WMH and LI were associated with an increased risk of developing AD compared with having neither WMH nor LI. Moderate and severe WMH were associated with an increased risk of developing AD compared with no WMH. Furthermore, patients with many LI had an increased risk of developing AD compared with no LI. CONCLUSIONS: Having moderate or severe WMH and many LI were associated with an increased risk of developing AD, with this being particularly striking when both WMH and LI were present.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Aged* ; Alzheimer Disease* ; China* ; Cognition ; Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Strikes, Employee ; Stroke, Lacunar*

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is characterized by the fusion of foot processes of podocytes, and can lead to end-stage kidney disease in children.The pathogenesis of FSGS has not been fully clarified, but more than 30 pathogenic genes have been identified in FSGS patients in recent years with the development of molecular genetics.These findings prove that the destruction of the structure and function of podocytes plays a role in the pathogenesis of FSGS.In this paper, the research progress of common pathogenic genes of FSGS was reviewed.

Objective:To investigate the effect of tonsillectomy combined with glucocorticoids therapy on long-term clinical remission and renal prognosis in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) children with recurrent acute onset history of tonsillitis.Methods:The clinical data of children who were diagnosed with primary IgAN from January 2000 to December 2017 in Jinling Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All participants were treated with long course therapy of glucocorticoids. The children with recurrent acute onset history of tonsillitis were divided into tonsillectomy group and non-tonsillectomy group according to whether to perform tonsillectomy, followed up until the patients' serum creatinine doubled, the estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased by more than 50%, progression to end-stage renal disease, renal replacement therapy or death. The renal survival rate was calculated and compared by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the effect of tonsillectomy on the renal prognosis of IgAN children.Results:A total of 120 children with IgAN were enrolled in this study, including 40 cases in tonsillectomy group and 80 cases in non-tonsillectomy group. The median follow-up time was 97.5(57.3, 132.0) months. The clinical remission rate in the tonsillectomy group was higher than that in the non-tonsillectomy group (72.5% vs 45.0%, χ2=8.123, P=0.004). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there was no significant difference in renal survival rate between the two groups (Log-rank test χ2=0.070, P=0.791). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that tonsillectomy was not an independent risk factor affecting renal end-point events in IgAN children ( HR=0.986, 95% CI 0.499-1.948, P=0.967). Conclusions:The clinical remission rate of IgAN children undergoing tonsillectomy is higher than that of children without tonsillectomy. Tonsillectomy is not an independent factor affecting renal end-point events in IgAN children. Tonsillectomy does not delay the time of entry into end-stage renal disease for children with IgAN.

Objective:To analyze the long-term prognosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and the risk factors related to renal prognosis in children with IgAN-FSGS.Methods:A retrospective study was concluded in IgAN-FSGS children who were followed up for more than 5 years and diagnosed by renal biopsy for the first time in the Eastern Theater General Hospital from January, 2004 to December, 2018. The end-point events of the study were entering end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased by ≥50% from baseline, which were defined as poor renal prognosis. Baseline clinicopathologic data of IgAN-FSGS children were compared between the end-point event group and the non-end-point event group. The cumulative renal survival rate of IgAN-FSGS children was calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The influencing factors of poor renal prognosis in IgAN-FSGS children were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards model, and the diagnostic value was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) and area under the curve (AUC). The diagnostic value was verified by time dependent-ROC and time dependent-AUC.Results:A total of 204 IgAN-FSGS children were enrolled in this study, of whom 132 cases were males (64.7%). The median age of renal biopsy was 16 (14, 17) years old. During a median follow-up time of 90.7 (71.7, 114.8) months, 57 cases (27.9%) reached the end-point events. Compared with the non-end-point event group ( n=147), the end-point event group ( n=57) had higher proportions of males and hypertension, higher levels of 24-hour urinary protein, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, urinary N-acetyl-β- D-glucosaminidase, urinary retinol binding protein, higher proportions of glomerular segmental sclerosis (S1) ≥25% and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T1/T2), and lower levels of serum albumin, serum IgA, and serum IgG (all P<0.05). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in treatment (all P>0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that with entry of ESKD or eGFR decreased by ≥50% from baseline as the end-point events, the 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative renal survival rates in IgAN-FSGS children were 88.7%, 67.6%, and 50.7%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that proteinuria >1 g/24 h ( HR=3.702, 95% CI 1.657-8.272, P=0.001), hyperuricemia ( HR=3.066, 95% CI 1.793-5.245, P<0.001), S1≥25% ( HR=2.017, 95% CI 1.050-3.874, P=0.035), T1/T2 ( HR=1.863, 95% CI 1.021-3.158, P=0.016) were the independent related factors for poor renal prognosis. ROC curve analysis showed that S1≥25% ( AUC=0.605, P=0.021, sensitivity 26.3%, specificity 94.6%), T1/T2 ( AUC=0.624, P=0.006, sensitivity 43.9%, specificity 81.0%), hyperuricemia ( AUC=0.658, P<0.001, sensitivity 52.6%, specificity 78.9%), proteinuria>1 g/24 h ( AUC=0.670, P<0.001, sensitivity 87.7%, specificity 46.3%) could accurately predict the renal outcome of IgAN-FSGS. Time dependent-ROC curve validation showed that the combined diagnosis of S1≥25%, T1/T2, hyperuricemia and proteinuria>1 g/24 h had a good predictive value for renal prognosis (3-year AUC=0.846 and 5-year AUC=0.777, respectively). Conclusions:During a median follow-up of 90.7 months, 27.9% of IgAN-FSGS children have poor renal prognosis, and the 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative renal survival rates are 88.7%, 67.6%, and 50.7%, respectively. Urinary protein >1 g/24 h, hyperuricemia, T1/T2, and S1 ≥25% are the risk factors for renal prognosis in IgAN-FSGS children.