Tau is a multifunctional protein that are originally identified as a microtubule-associated protein. Tau is mainly expressed in neurons. There is a protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation imbalance and tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylatied in the brain of patients with AD and in this form it is the major protein subunit of paired helical filaments/neurofibrillary tangles(PHF/NFT). The modulation of the activities of phosphatase(PP)-2A, PP1 and tau kinase, such as GSK-3, cdk5 and MAPK effect tau protein hyperphosphorylation. It is unclear about the relation between tau and A? in AD, increased or altered A? production may be an initiating event in the pathogenic process in AD; but aberrant alternations in tau function are likely necessary for the subsequent neuronal dysfunction and death. Therefore, clearly defining the metabolism and function of tau in both normal and disease states is necessary for our understanding of AD and the development of appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Objective: To improve on the theories of pharm aceutics.　Methods: Explore the research methodology, pers pectives and direction of the pharmaceutical preparations.　Results: The DDS has many advantages and great potential for development.　Conclusion: Numerous new pharmaceutical preparations will be developed in the near future. The potential of the modern pharmaceutical prepar ations is immeasurable.

Pharmaceutical excipients are implementing registration and approval management in our country. As the disadvantages of the registration system appearing continuously, the demand for reform is getting higher and higher. The cry for drug master files ( DMF) model instead of registration and approval management is becoming more prominent. Based on the understanding of DMF sys-tem, the article discussed the positive roles of the excipients standards and guidelines construction in DMF implementation using phar-maceutical excipients supervision experience in the United States as the reference and starting from the standards and guidelines system of excipients, which aimed to provide suggestions for the supervision and management of pharmaceutical excipients, and improve the quality and safety of pharmaceutical excipients and drugs.

The daily intake levels and trend of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) of general population of several developed countries are reviewed. Based on the data of China, PCDD-Fs levels in Chinese human milk and blood were less than that of other countries, in addition, a daily intake of PCDD-Fs for Chinese general population was estimated in the present paper, the tolerable daily intake of Chinese general population was less than that the World Health Organization proposed.

Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) is the most widely used brominated flame retardant in the world. It is a kind of potential environmental endocrine disruptor, similar to the persistent organic pollutants. It can accumulate in the environment and biota and it has adverse effects on the environment and the living creature, such as disrupting the action of hormones related to the skeleton and brain development. Research progresses on TBBP-A, including toxicology, analysis methods, were reviewed in this paper.

Alzheimer’ s disease ( AD) , a central nervous system degenerative disease, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and memory damage. Although intensive research leads to a better understanding of AD pathology, no new medi-cines are found to prevent, delay or stop the progression of AD. Three cholinesterase inhibitors ( donepezil, rivastigmine and ga-lantamine) and an N-methyl D-aspartase NMDA receptor antag-onist, memantine have been approved in clinic for AD treat-ment, but these treatments only have modest symptomatic effects for relatively short time periods. Therefore, to find effective medicines to prevent, improve and treat AD is urgent. It is well known, the traditional Chinese medicine resources are abundant in China. Chinese medicines, including the active ingredients and compounds, have been used in dementia treatment for a long history. The review is aimed to summarize the application and related mechanisms of natural products such as huperzine A, ginsenosides, L-3-n-butylphathlide, TSG and so on in AD treat-ment.

BACKGROUND: There are different reports on the comorbidity rates of anxiety and depression. In the pathopsychology of depression, it is unclear for the relationship between coping styles and personality in depressive patient accompanied with anxiety disorders.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between coping styles and personality in depressive patient with anxious disorders.DESIGN: A case-control study.SETTTNG: Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Brain Hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-eight patients with depression were selected from the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and Hunan Brain Hospital from June 2002 to January 2003. Ninety subjects were selected as normal control group from the employees or their family members, health volunteers in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and Sun Yat-sen University.METHODS: All the subjects were surveyed with self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), coping style questionnaire and Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ).MATN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparison of the scores of SDS, SAS, coping styles questionnaire and EPQ between the depressive group and normal control group; ② Comparison of the scores of SDS, SAS, coping styles questionnaire and EPQ between the depressive patients with and without anxious symptoms. ③ Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis of all the indexes in the depressive group.RESULTS: ① All the 178 subjects were involved in the final analysis of results. ① The total scores of SDS and SAS, the scores of psychoticism and neuroticism of EPQ in the depressive group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group, but the score of introversion-extraversion of EPQ and passive coping style were lower than those in the control group. ② The total scores of SDS and SAS, the scores of psychoticism and neuroticism of EPQ were obviously higher but the score of active coping style was lower in the depressive patients with anxious symptoms than in those without anxious symptoms. ③ The correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis suggested that the severity of depressive symptom was significantly related with SAS, introversion-extraversion dimension of EPQ and passive coping style.CONCLUSION: ① Depressive patients suffer from obvious depressive and anxious symptoms and psychoticism, and they inclined to introversion and emotional instability, and adopt less active coping style. ② Depressive patients with anxious symptoms suffer from more serious depressive symptoms, psychoticism and neuroticism, and they adopt active passive coping style. ③ Less adoption of active coping style can be brought into the dimension of introversion-extraversion in personality trait.

The nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key protein of endogenous antioxidant defense systems in the body. In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 translocates to nucleus and binds to antioxidant response elements (ARE), regulating the expression of a large amounts of antioxidant genes and maintaining a proper redox balance. The pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases are associated with generation of reactive oxygen species, which cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a cardinal role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Nrf2-inducer compounds can reduce oxidant stress and have shown therapeutic efficacy in many neurodegenerative disease models. How to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway effectively has been received much attention. Here we provided an overview of specific mechanism of Nrf2-ARE pathway and the protective effects of Nrf2 in different neurodegenerative diseases, and summarized the Nrf2 activators recently in preclinical study.

Parkinson disease(PD)is a common,progressive and disabling neurodegenerative movement disorder. Diagnosis of PD depends on clinical history and physical examination,but misdi?agnosis is common in early stages because of similar symptoms to other movement disorders. which is why biomarkers are urgently needed to accurately diagnose PD,especially in the early stages of PD, and find new drug targets. This review discusses the curient research of the PD candidate biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid and blood in terms of PD pathogenesis. We have found that dihy?droxyphenylacetic acid,alpha- synuclein and its related proteins in Lewy bodies,8- hydroxy deoxy?guanosine,uric acid,interleukin and neurotrophic factors are potential biomarkers. They participate in different stages of PD. In order to enhance the accuracy of early diagnosis and efficacy of drugs evalua?tion,we are to use multiple biomarkers rather than a single biomarker,in combination with different biologic pathways of biomarkers,neuroimaging as well as clinical symptoms.

1.5 cm in diameter) are significant risk factors for the failure of stone clearance. Prophylactic cholecystectomy of an acalculous gallbladder is unnecessary.