Rats were used to establish an animal model of cerebral ischemia and the change of endogenous opiate peptides (LEK, ?-EP, DynA1-13) and monoamines (5-HT, 5-HIAA) levels in the ischemia cerebral tissue were measured. The main findings were as follows: The levels of LEK reduced slightly in cerebral ischemia for 60 minutes, but the levels of DynA1-13 and 5-HIAA increased obviously in cerebral ischemia for 60 minutes. At the same time the levels of ?-EP and 5-HT decreased obviously. The results suggest that the endogenous opiate peptides and monomines play a possible role in the development of cerebral ischemic damage.

Objective To explore the classification , age , ratio of gender , to provide clinical basis for prevention and treatment of pediatric eye diseases. Methods Clinical data of 0-14 year old patients with eye diseases from January 1993 to December 2014 were collected and analysized. Results The total rate of boy and girl is 2.14:1. Boys with ocular trauma were much more than girls , and the ratio of boy and girl is 3.7:1. The peak occurrence age of ocular trauma was 8 to 11 year old , 0-7 year old children with eye diseases mainly contained congenital diseases such as congenital cataract and congenital ptosis. Children between 7 to 14 year old were more liability to intermittent exotropia and accommodative esotropia. Retinopathy of prematurity was the most common eyeground disease. The most popular tumor were major in corneal dermoid and retinal glioblastoma, potential age was 1-6 year old. Conclusion Pediatric eye diseases should be paid more attention. Ocular examination were needed to be done periodically , primary diseases should be treated early , occurrence should be prevented depending on different ages , to protect the ocular function of children.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that hyperhomocysteinemia can induce atherosclerosis by enhancing oxidative stress, whereas Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) can scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals.OBJECTIVE: To observe the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) induced by homocysteine (Hcy), and investigate the effect of GbE.DESIGN: A randomized controlled animal trial.SETTING: Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.MATERrALS: Twenty-four healthy male rabbits of 6 months old. Dl-methionine (Sigma Chemical, Co.,Ltd.); GbE (Guizhou Yibai Pharmaceutical Company; powder).METHODS: The experiment was accomplished in the Laboratory of Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from March 2003 to April 2004. ① After adaptive feeding for 2 weeks, the rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: Model group (n =12): The rabbits were treated with subcutaneous injection of dl-methionine (80 mg/kg per day); GbE group (n =8): The rabbits were administrated with GbE (mixed with feed, 50 m/kg per day) at 1 hour before the subcutaneous injection of dl-methionine; Control group (n=4): The rabbits were injected with equivalent sodium chloride. They were administrated for 7 weeks continuously. ②Histological changes were observed under light and electron microscopes: ROS level was determined with colorimetries (721 visible spectrophotometer); The expressions of CAMs and NF-κB in endothelial cells were detected with immunohistochemical methods; The concentration of plasma Hcy was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Histological changes, ROS level and expressions of CAMs and NF-κB in endothelial cells.RESULTS: All the 24 rabbits were involved in the analysis of results. ① ROS level: After administration, the ROS level in the model group was obviously increased (2.92±0.20,2.48±0.26, P ＜ 0.05), whereas those in the GbE group and control group (2.41±0.23, 2.43±0.20) had no obvious differences as compared with those before administration (2.31±0.27,2.47±0.32, P ＞ 0.05). ② Histological changes: Aortas of rabbits in the model group presented initial changes of atherosclerosis, including shedding or necrosis of endothelial cells and nuclear pyknosis or standing in a clutter of smooth muscle cells. There were scarcely any changes in the GbE group and control group. ③ Expressions of CAMs and NF-κB in endothelial cells: After treatments, the expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and NF-κB in the model group were obviously higher than those in the control group (P ＜0.05), and there were no significant differences between the GbE group and control group (P ＞ 0.05). ④ Concentration of plasma Hcy: After 7 weeks, the concentration of plasma Hcy was higher in the model group and GbE group than in the control group [(25.01±6.80), (26.71±2.36), (16.85± 1.64) μmol/L, P ＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: Hcy-induced oxidative stress plays an important role in NF-κB activation. GbE might suppress the activation of NF-κB and expression of CAMs by reducing ROS.

Cerebral hemorrhage is a common type of stroke, it is characterized by high morbidity and mortality.Many studies have shown that alcohol consumption is associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, and alcohol consumption is one of the independent risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage.This article reviews the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, the influence of heavy alcohol drinking on intracerebral hemorrhage, and the possible mechanism of chronic alcohol consumption associated with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the therapy efficacy for children with primary nocturnal enuresis by meta-analysis on the efficiency of alarm treatment versus desmopressin.Methods PubMed, Central, Elesvier, CNKI and some other databases were browsed to obtain all randomized controlled trails(RCT) and to compare the therapy between alarm treatment and desmopressin.Data extraction and quality evaluation were done by methods recommended by Cochrane center.The results of short-term and long-term efficacy and compliance were analyzed by Review Manager 5.0.Results Fifty-four RCT were retrieved and 11 RCT were included in the study.There was no statistical difference between alarm treatment and desmopressin when analyzing by no wetting episode,wetting no more than 1 night per month,wetting nights' decrease over 90％ or wetting nights decrease over 50％.By 3-month follow-up after treatment stopped,alarm treatment significantly reduced the wetting nights to over 50％ or less than 1 night per month than desmopressin.By 6-month follow-ups after treatment stopped, there was no difference between alarm treatment and desmopressin when analyzed by wetting no more than 1 night.The relapse rate of desmopressin was higher than that of alarm treatment (P =0.007).However, the withdrawal and abandonment rate of alarm treatment was higher than that of desmopressin(P ＜0.000 01).Severe adverse effects were not found in both of the treatment groups.Conclusions There is no statistical difference between alarm and desmopressin therapy in short-term treatment.The efficiency of alarm device is better than that of desmopressin in long-term treatment.The follow-up of alarm treatment lost more than that of desmopressin.Desmopressin is better than the alarm treatment in compliance but has higher recurrence rate.

Objective To investigate the effects of CD4+T cell depletion in BALB/c mice on the immunogenicity and virulence of replication-competent recombinant vaccinia virus. Methods Twelve BALB/c mice were inoculated with recombinant Tiantan vaccinia ( rTV, n=8 ) or vaccinia virus Tiantan strain ( VTT, n=4) by tail scarification after the depletion of CD4+T cells with anti-CD4 monoclonal anti-body( McAb) injected intraperitoneally for three days before virus inoculation.A control group without anti-body treatment was set up accordingly.Several parameters including the body weight, pocks on tail, viral shedding and the percentage of CD4+T cells were monitored.In the fourth week after virus infection, ovaries were collected from mice and viral loads in the tissue were titrated by plaque forming assay on chick embryo fibroblast ( CEF) cells.The specific cellular immune responses against vaccinia virus and HIV induced by inoculation of VTT and rTV respectively were detected by intracellular cytokine staining ( ICS) assay.ELISA was used to detect antibodies against vaccinia virus and HIV-1 gp120.Results All mice with or without CD4 McAb treatment showed typical poxvirus pocks on tails after inoculation of vaccinia viruses, but none of them developed secondary or satellite lesions.It took a longer time for CD4+T cell-depleted mice to heal from lesions, to regain body weights and to release viruses than the mice in control group.No vaccinia virus was detected in the ovaries of CD4+T cell-depleted mice or mice in control group.The mean absorbance( A) values for the detection of HIV-specific and vaccinia virus-specific antibodies in CD4+T cell-depleted mice with ELISA were respectively 0.119 and 0.168, which were significantly lower than those in mice of control group.The titers of neutralizing antibodies against vaccinia virus in McAb/rTV treated mice (1 ∶321) were lower than those in rTV treated mice (1 ∶1286) (P<0.05).The percentages of CD4+T cells secreting IFN-γ(0.654%) in McAb/rTV treated mice were significantly lower than those in rTV treated mice in the fourth week after immunization (P <0.0004).No significant differences with the vaccinia virus-specificCD8+ T cell responses were observed among mice with or without CD4+T cells depletion.Conclusion Thereplication and dissemination of replication-competent recombinant vaccinia virus could be effectively controlledin the mice with CD4+ T cell-depletion.The depletion of CD4+ T cells significantly reduced the humoraland CD4+ T cell responses, but had no effect on CD8+ T cell responses.

?-arbutin is biosynthesized by whole cell method with Xanthomona maltophilia BT-112.The conditions for cell biosynthesized ?-arbutin are investigated as follows:temperature,25℃;concentration of hydroquinone,30mmol/L;mol ratio of sucrose and hydroquinone,20∶1;time course of ?-arbutin biosynthesis,45 hours;rotational speed,160r/min;concentration of Xanthomona maltophilia BT-112,85g/L;concentration of K-2HPO-4-KH-2PO-4 buffer solution,25mmol/L;pH of K-2HPO-4-KH-2PO-4 buffer solution,8.0.Under the above optimal conditions,the maximum of molar conversion yield based on the amount of hydroquinone supplied reaches 86.7%.

Objective To evaluate the effects of simulated family nursing on the cognitive function and activity of daily living in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Methods Sixty-eight patients with Alzheimer's disease were assigned to routine nursing condition and simulated family nursing condition.The patients were assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL) before intervention,and 3 months and 6 months after intervention.Results Compared with the control group,the patients' cognitive function (t=2.31,P=0.026) and activity of daily living (t=2.59,P=0.012) were improved significantly in the experimental group.Conclusion The simulated family nursing can improve the cognitive function and activity of daily living in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

·AIM: To investigate the effect of vitamin A on the conjunctival goblet cells of rat after corneal transplantation.·METHODS: Rat graft rejection models of corneal transplantation were established. SD rats were receptor and Wistar rats were donors. After corneal allografts were performed, 48 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, 16 rats in each group. Group A was blank control group; group B was treated by oculotect gel (containing vitamin A); group C was treated by 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops. Besides, group D was normal unoperated eyes.Slit-lamp microscope was employed to record and compare rejection index (RI) of corneal transplantation. Through HE,PAS staining of conjunctival histological sections and image analysis system, the number and morphology of conjunctival goblet cells were observed and analyzed between operation group and normal group.·RESULTS: The HE, PAS staining detection showed that the number of conjunctival goblet cells in oculotect gel group,1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group and control group is lower than that in normal group after surgery (P＜0.01). The number of conjunctival goblet cells in oculotect gel group and 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group is higher than that in control group (P＜0.05). The number of conjunctival goblet cells in 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group is higher than that in oculotect gel group (P＜0.05).·CONCLUSION: The results indicate that vitamin A may inhibit the decrease of conjunctival goblet cells after corneal allograft rejection in rats.

Objective To observe and analyze the CT and MR imaging of the structures in the region of the jugular foramen (JF) on the base of thin-slice anatomic study. Methods Having been scanned by multislice CT and 1.5T MR scanner, two formalin-preserved adult cadavers were dissected into 1.0 mm thickness contiguous sections in transverse plane. Twenty cases without skull base and nasopharyngeal history received routine and post-contrast CT examinations with spiral and HQ mode. Twenty healthy volunteers received MR scanning, including SE T 1WI, FSE T 2WI, and 3D RF-FAST (3D Radio-Frequency Fourier Acquired Steady-State) sequences. Results JF region was divided into three levels, which included inner aperture, the jugular cavity, and the outer aperture. At the entrance of JF, there were glossopharyngeal canal and vagal canal, which wrapped the Ⅸ nerve and Ⅹ and Ⅺ nerves, respectively. CT images could display these canals in 20 cases (100%). Furthermore, the Ⅸ, Ⅹ, and Ⅺ nerves could be identified on different MR sequences. 17 cases (85%) were displayed on 3D RF-FAST, 14 cases (70%) on SE T 1WI, and 10 cases (50%) on FSE T 2WI, respectively. From the anterior to the posterior compartment within the JF cavity, the structures ranged as follows: the Ⅸ nerve, the inferior petrosal sinus, the Ⅹ and Ⅺ nerves, and the jugular bulb. These neuro-vessel structures could not be distinguished on CT, SE T 1WI, and FSE T 2WI images, except for 3D RF-FAST (16 cases, 80%). The outer aperture of JF was adjacent to the hypoglossal canal. The shape of JF outer aperture could be evaluated on CT images. On the oblique plane, which was parallel to the hypoglossal canal, the posterior cranial nerves could be detected to enter/exit the skull through the JF and hypoglossal canal separately. Conclusion The complement of CT and MR imaging would be helpful to distinguish the structures in the region of JF.