BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that hyperhomocysteinemia can induce atherosclerosis by enhancing oxidative stress, whereas Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) can scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals.OBJECTIVE: To observe the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) induced by homocysteine (Hcy), and investigate the effect of GbE.DESIGN: A randomized controlled animal trial.SETTING: Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.MATERrALS: Twenty-four healthy male rabbits of 6 months old. Dl-methionine (Sigma Chemical, Co.,Ltd.); GbE (Guizhou Yibai Pharmaceutical Company; powder).METHODS: The experiment was accomplished in the Laboratory of Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from March 2003 to April 2004. ① After adaptive feeding for 2 weeks, the rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: Model group (n =12): The rabbits were treated with subcutaneous injection of dl-methionine (80 mg/kg per day); GbE group (n =8): The rabbits were administrated with GbE (mixed with feed, 50 m/kg per day) at 1 hour before the subcutaneous injection of dl-methionine; Control group (n=4): The rabbits were injected with equivalent sodium chloride. They were administrated for 7 weeks continuously. ②Histological changes were observed under light and electron microscopes: ROS level was determined with colorimetries (721 visible spectrophotometer); The expressions of CAMs and NF-κB in endothelial cells were detected with immunohistochemical methods; The concentration of plasma Hcy was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Histological changes, ROS level and expressions of CAMs and NF-κB in endothelial cells.RESULTS: All the 24 rabbits were involved in the analysis of results. ① ROS level: After administration, the ROS level in the model group was obviously increased (2.92±0.20,2.48±0.26, P ＜ 0.05), whereas those in the GbE group and control group (2.41±0.23, 2.43±0.20) had no obvious differences as compared with those before administration (2.31±0.27,2.47±0.32, P ＞ 0.05). ② Histological changes: Aortas of rabbits in the model group presented initial changes of atherosclerosis, including shedding or necrosis of endothelial cells and nuclear pyknosis or standing in a clutter of smooth muscle cells. There were scarcely any changes in the GbE group and control group. ③ Expressions of CAMs and NF-κB in endothelial cells: After treatments, the expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and NF-κB in the model group were obviously higher than those in the control group (P ＜0.05), and there were no significant differences between the GbE group and control group (P ＞ 0.05). ④ Concentration of plasma Hcy: After 7 weeks, the concentration of plasma Hcy was higher in the model group and GbE group than in the control group [(25.01±6.80), (26.71±2.36), (16.85± 1.64) μmol/L, P ＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: Hcy-induced oxidative stress plays an important role in NF-κB activation. GbE might suppress the activation of NF-κB and expression of CAMs by reducing ROS.

Rats were used to establish an animal model of cerebral ischemia and the change of endogenous opiate peptides (LEK, ?-EP, DynA1-13) and monoamines (5-HT, 5-HIAA) levels in the ischemia cerebral tissue were measured. The main findings were as follows: The levels of LEK reduced slightly in cerebral ischemia for 60 minutes, but the levels of DynA1-13 and 5-HIAA increased obviously in cerebral ischemia for 60 minutes. At the same time the levels of ?-EP and 5-HT decreased obviously. The results suggest that the endogenous opiate peptides and monomines play a possible role in the development of cerebral ischemic damage.

Objective To explore the classification , age , ratio of gender , to provide clinical basis for prevention and treatment of pediatric eye diseases. Methods Clinical data of 0-14 year old patients with eye diseases from January 1993 to December 2014 were collected and analysized. Results The total rate of boy and girl is 2.14:1. Boys with ocular trauma were much more than girls , and the ratio of boy and girl is 3.7:1. The peak occurrence age of ocular trauma was 8 to 11 year old , 0-7 year old children with eye diseases mainly contained congenital diseases such as congenital cataract and congenital ptosis. Children between 7 to 14 year old were more liability to intermittent exotropia and accommodative esotropia. Retinopathy of prematurity was the most common eyeground disease. The most popular tumor were major in corneal dermoid and retinal glioblastoma, potential age was 1-6 year old. Conclusion Pediatric eye diseases should be paid more attention. Ocular examination were needed to be done periodically , primary diseases should be treated early , occurrence should be prevented depending on different ages , to protect the ocular function of children.

Cerebral hemorrhage is a common type of stroke, it is characterized by high morbidity and mortality.Many studies have shown that alcohol consumption is associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, and alcohol consumption is one of the independent risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage.This article reviews the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, the influence of heavy alcohol drinking on intracerebral hemorrhage, and the possible mechanism of chronic alcohol consumption associated with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the therapy efficacy for children with primary nocturnal enuresis by meta-analysis on the efficiency of alarm treatment versus desmopressin.Methods PubMed, Central, Elesvier, CNKI and some other databases were browsed to obtain all randomized controlled trails(RCT) and to compare the therapy between alarm treatment and desmopressin.Data extraction and quality evaluation were done by methods recommended by Cochrane center.The results of short-term and long-term efficacy and compliance were analyzed by Review Manager 5.0.Results Fifty-four RCT were retrieved and 11 RCT were included in the study.There was no statistical difference between alarm treatment and desmopressin when analyzing by no wetting episode,wetting no more than 1 night per month,wetting nights' decrease over 90％ or wetting nights decrease over 50％.By 3-month follow-up after treatment stopped,alarm treatment significantly reduced the wetting nights to over 50％ or less than 1 night per month than desmopressin.By 6-month follow-ups after treatment stopped, there was no difference between alarm treatment and desmopressin when analyzed by wetting no more than 1 night.The relapse rate of desmopressin was higher than that of alarm treatment (P =0.007).However, the withdrawal and abandonment rate of alarm treatment was higher than that of desmopressin(P ＜0.000 01).Severe adverse effects were not found in both of the treatment groups.Conclusions There is no statistical difference between alarm and desmopressin therapy in short-term treatment.The efficiency of alarm device is better than that of desmopressin in long-term treatment.The follow-up of alarm treatment lost more than that of desmopressin.Desmopressin is better than the alarm treatment in compliance but has higher recurrence rate.

Objective To investigate the effects of CD4+T cell depletion in BALB/c mice on the immunogenicity and virulence of replication-competent recombinant vaccinia virus. Methods Twelve BALB/c mice were inoculated with recombinant Tiantan vaccinia ( rTV, n=8 ) or vaccinia virus Tiantan strain ( VTT, n=4) by tail scarification after the depletion of CD4+T cells with anti-CD4 monoclonal anti-body( McAb) injected intraperitoneally for three days before virus inoculation.A control group without anti-body treatment was set up accordingly.Several parameters including the body weight, pocks on tail, viral shedding and the percentage of CD4+T cells were monitored.In the fourth week after virus infection, ovaries were collected from mice and viral loads in the tissue were titrated by plaque forming assay on chick embryo fibroblast ( CEF) cells.The specific cellular immune responses against vaccinia virus and HIV induced by inoculation of VTT and rTV respectively were detected by intracellular cytokine staining ( ICS) assay.ELISA was used to detect antibodies against vaccinia virus and HIV-1 gp120.Results All mice with or without CD4 McAb treatment showed typical poxvirus pocks on tails after inoculation of vaccinia viruses, but none of them developed secondary or satellite lesions.It took a longer time for CD4+T cell-depleted mice to heal from lesions, to regain body weights and to release viruses than the mice in control group.No vaccinia virus was detected in the ovaries of CD4+T cell-depleted mice or mice in control group.The mean absorbance( A) values for the detection of HIV-specific and vaccinia virus-specific antibodies in CD4+T cell-depleted mice with ELISA were respectively 0.119 and 0.168, which were significantly lower than those in mice of control group.The titers of neutralizing antibodies against vaccinia virus in McAb/rTV treated mice (1 ∶321) were lower than those in rTV treated mice (1 ∶1286) (P<0.05).The percentages of CD4+T cells secreting IFN-γ(0.654%) in McAb/rTV treated mice were significantly lower than those in rTV treated mice in the fourth week after immunization (P <0.0004).No significant differences with the vaccinia virus-specificCD8+ T cell responses were observed among mice with or without CD4+T cells depletion.Conclusion Thereplication and dissemination of replication-competent recombinant vaccinia virus could be effectively controlledin the mice with CD4+ T cell-depletion.The depletion of CD4+ T cells significantly reduced the humoraland CD4+ T cell responses, but had no effect on CD8+ T cell responses.

?-arbutin is biosynthesized by whole cell method with Xanthomona maltophilia BT-112.The conditions for cell biosynthesized ?-arbutin are investigated as follows:temperature,25℃;concentration of hydroquinone,30mmol/L;mol ratio of sucrose and hydroquinone,20∶1;time course of ?-arbutin biosynthesis,45 hours;rotational speed,160r/min;concentration of Xanthomona maltophilia BT-112,85g/L;concentration of K-2HPO-4-KH-2PO-4 buffer solution,25mmol/L;pH of K-2HPO-4-KH-2PO-4 buffer solution,8.0.Under the above optimal conditions,the maximum of molar conversion yield based on the amount of hydroquinone supplied reaches 86.7%.

Objective To investigate the effects of butylphthalide on brain edema,blood-brain barrier permeability and RhoA expression in cortex in focal cerebral infarction in rats.Methods A total of 220 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a control,a model and a butylphthalile group (40 mg/kg,once a day,gavage) according to the random number table method.A model of rat focal cerebral infarction was induced by photochemical method.At 3,12,24,72,and 144 h after modeling,wet-dry weight method and Evans blue extravasation method were used to detect the brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability.At 24 h after modeling,immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect the expression of RhoA protein in the periinfarction cortex.Results Compared to the control group,the brain water content (except at 6 h) and blood-brain barrier permeability in the model group and the butylphthalide group were increased significantly (all P ＜ 0.05).The immunohistochemical staining and Western blot suggested that the RhoA expression in the periinfarction cortex was upregulated significantly (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared to the model group,the brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability at different time points in the butylphthalide group were decreased significantly (all P ＜ 0.05).The expression levels of RhoA were also decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Butylphthalide may reduce the brain edema of focal cerebral infarction in rats,inhibit disruption of the blood-brain barrier,and down-regulate the expression of RhoA.

Objective To evaluate the effect of internal iliac artery or abdominal aorta blockade on the pressure of internal iliac artery net in order to provide theoretical basis for reasonable option of arterial blockade in management of arterial bleeding of pelvic fractures.Methods Five goats were included in the study.The measurement of the pressure of internal iliac artery net was made in the following steps:( 1 ) measurement of the pressure of normal internal iliac artery,(2) measurenent of the pressure following blockade of unilateral internal iliac artery,(3) measurement of the pressure following blockade of bilateral internal iliac arteries,(4) measurement of the pressure following blockade of abdominal aorta and bilateral internal iliac arteries simultaneously,(5) measurement of the pressure following blockade of abdominal aorta only.Results The normal internal iliac artery pressure was ( 57.84 ± 13.46 ) mm Hg.The pressures following the blockade of unilateral internal iliac artery,bilateral internal iliac arteries,abdominal aorta and bilateral internal iliac arteries sinultaneously,and abdominal aorta only were (38.40±17.39) mm Hg,(29.70 ± 12.16) mmHg,(32.80 ± 17.02) mm Hg and (29.20 ± 18.52) mm Hg,respectively.All the blocking designs had obvious effect on the pressure of normal internal iliac artery ( P ＜ 0.05 ),while the various blockade modes themselves showed no statistical differences (P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion The upper described four modes of blockade are similar in decreasing the pressure of the internal iliac artery net.Thereby,only one of them is enough in management of artery hemorrhage following pelvic fractures.

Objective To study the factors affecting the activities of daily life (AOL) of patients after the first stroke of cerebral infarction in order to formulate the intervention strategy for improving the capability of ADL of patients. Method A total of 149 patients with the first stroke of cerebral infarction admitted from Oct. 2008 to Dec.2008 were enrolled in this study. The demographics of patients, cerebral infarction risk factors, apopletic score as per National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), white blood cell count (WBC) and plasma glucose (PG) were recorded on the first day of admission, and many other laboratory examinations were done on the next morning. The occurrences of infection in lung and urinary tract, and atrial fibrillation were recorded during hospi-talization. The NIHSS score and score of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were taken within 24 hours after admission, on the 14th day and at the end of the third month after cerebral infarction respectively. Barthel index (BI) was taken in the second week as well as at the end of third month by follow-up in the OPD or by telephone. The correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis were used to find the risk factors. Results The PG level, WBC count and NIHSS score were independently associated with ADL in the second week as well as at the end of the third month after cerebral infarction. Besides, the urinary tract infection during hospital stay was also independently associated with ADL at the end of the third month after cerebral infarction. Conclusions The plasma glucose level, WBC count, NIHSS score and urinary tract infection are the risk factors. Positive measures should be taken to control these risk factors so as to improve the capability of ADL of the patients after cerebral infarction.