OBJECTIVETo study the dynamic accumulation of flavonoids in Chrysanthemum morifolium in order to chose the optimal harvest time.

METHODThe flavonoid content was determined in various C. morifolium and in different periods.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe accumulation of flavonoid in various Chrysanthemum reached a high level when lingulate flowers were in 50% blossom and tube ones in 30% or lingulate flowers were in 70% blossom and tube ones in 50%. Only few of C. morifolium reached a high level of flavonoid, when 1 both ingulate and tube flowers blossomed fully.

Chrysanthemum ; metabolism ; Flavones ; Flavonoids ; metabolism ; Flowers ; metabolism ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo study the quality and the chemical components of Chrysanthemum morifolium from Tongxiang city.

METHODChemical constituents of nine cultivars were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe content varied significantly. The content of chlorogenic acid in Jinjuerhao was 6.66%, the highest among the samples. Yizhongdabaiju showed the highest flavonoid and volatile oil with 9.49% and 3.30 mL x kg(-1) respectively.

China ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; Ecosystem ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Plant Preparations ; analysis ; chemistry ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; Quality Control ; Species Specificity

OBJECTIVETo study the anabolic rule of secondary metabolites and dynamic activity of isoenzyme in Chrysanthemum morifolium originating from Wenxian county during blossoming stages.

METHODThe flavonoid, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin content as well as the PAL, PPO and POD activity were determined in C. morifolium originating from Wenxian county during blossoming stages.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe content of flavonoid and chlorogenic acid was the highest at 70% of full blossom, the anthocyanin at 50% and PPO activity at 30% with the same trend of two cultivars. Between the two cultivars, the trend of PAL and POD was different. The highest of "huaidabaiju" appeared at 70% and 30%, but that of "huaixiaobaiju" appeared at 50% and 50%.

Anthocyanins ; metabolism ; Catechol Oxidase ; metabolism ; China ; Chlorogenic Acid ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Flavonoids ; metabolism ; Flowers ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seasons ; Species Specificity

OBJECTIVETo study leaf ultrastructure in varieties of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

METHODThe ultrastructure of leaves was observed through the transmission electron microscope.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONChloroplast, mitochondria, starch grains and peroxide were observed in the ultrastructure of leaves, but the organelle, ultrastructure and their quantity showed differences in various cultivars. The results may explain, why hangju'has a better resistance to the adversity and is planted in large scale.

Chloroplasts ; ultrastructure ; Chrysanthemum ; ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Plant Leaves ; ultrastructure

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of climate factors on the Chrysanthemum morifolium originated from Wenxian county (i. e "huaiju") for assuring the quality of medicinal C. morifolium.

METHODThe content of water-soluble extracts, protein, sugar, flavonoid and chlorogenic acid of "huaiju" collected from Henanwenxian, Jiangsunanjing and Zhejiangtongxiang were selected as the indicator and determined, climate data of the corresponding places were collected for studying the effects on "huaiju" quality through path analysis and correlation analysis.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThere existed no obviously differences among the detected indicators except the soluble sugar content. Sunlight, temperature and precipitation showed more effects on quality of "huaiju", the sunlight had the most direct effect on flavonoid, the 10 cm ground temperature had the most direct effect on chlorogenic acid.

China ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; standards ; Ecosystem ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Quality Control ; Rain ; Sunlight ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo study on dynamic accumulation of various flavone in Chrysanthemum morifolium, in order to appraise the quality of flavone.

METHODThe extract was hydrolyzed and the flavonoid components were determined by RP-HPLC.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONIn the samples from Tongxiang, Tezhongboju showed the highest flavonoids content with the total flavone 9.81%, quercetin 4.17 per thousand and apigenin 17.02 per thousand. In the samples from Sheyang, Hongxinju showed the highest content of luteolin with 6.84 per thousand. In the samples from Jiangning, Tezhongboju showed the highest content of total flavone with 7.59%, Yizhongdabaiju showed the highest content of quercetin with 2.78 per thousand, Sheyangxiaobaiju showed the highest content of luteolin with 4.27 per thousand, Sheyanghongxinju showed the highest content of apigenin with 11.20 per thousand. There were differences in the content of flavonoids among the different cultivars, and the same cultivars showed also different when planted in different areas.

Apigenin ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; classification ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; metabolism ; standards ; Flavones ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; metabolism ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quercetin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the change in the number of antibodies of preneoplastic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using early treatment by Compound Phyllanthus Urinaria L. (CPUL) on patients with preneoplastic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC.

METHODSA total of 102 cirrhosis patients with regenerative or dysplastic nodules whose sera were tested positive for at least one of these six proteins (five up-regulated genes URG4, URG7, URG11, URG12 and URG19, and one down-regulated gene DRG2) were assigned randomly to two groups using continual random codes by SPSS software. Fifty-two patients were in the treatment group and 50 patients were in the control group. CPUL was used in the treatment group for 3 years, while the control group did not receive any treatment. The changes in HBV-DNA level, number of antibodies, and hepatocarcinogenesis occurred were observed. Patients who did not develop HCC were followed up for another 2 years.

RESULTSHBV-DNA levels decreased ⩾2log in 22.2% (10/45) of patients in the treatment group in contrast to only 5.0% (2/40) of patients in the control group (P=0.0228). The number of antibodies that were tested positive in the treatment group (1.08±1.01) was significantly lower compared with the control group (2.11±1.12) after 24 months of drug treatment (P<0.01). Both the positive rates of anti-URG11 (33/52) and anti-URG19 (31/52) were over 60% at baseline in the two groups, and were decreased to 48.1% (25/52) and 46.2% (24/52) respectively at 36 months of drug treatment, while the rates increased to 68.0% (34/50) and 66.0% (33/50) respectively (P=0.0417, P=0.0436) in the control group. The positive rate of anti-DRG2 was increased to 55.8% (29/52) at 36 months of drug treatment, while in the control group was decreased to 36.0% (18/50, P=0.0452). Among the 102 patients who developed HCC, 2 were in the treatment group and 9 were in the control group, meaning that a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.0212). In 11 patients who developed HCC, anti-URG11 and anti-URG19 were always positive, while anti-DRG2 was negative. Patients newly developing HCC were 6 (20.0%) in the control group, and only one (2.5%) in the treatment group (P=0.0441) during 2-year follow-up after the end of the treatment.

CONCLUSIONSAnti-URG11, anti-URG19 and anti-DRG2 could be used as early markers in the prediction of the therapeutic efficacy of CPUL in treating preneoplastic HCC. CPUL is useful in preventing or delaying the development of HBV-associated cirrhosis to HCC.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; therapy ; virology ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Hep G2 Cells ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; immunology ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; therapy ; virology ; Phyllanthus ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; therapeutic use ; Precancerous Conditions ; virology