OBJECTIVE: To explore the karyotype features and genetic relationship among Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. from different producing origins. METHODS: The chromosome features of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. from 11 different producing origins were analyzed by using root-tip squashing method and clustered by the karyotype resemblance-near coefficients. RESULTS: The Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. from 11 different producing origins all had 12 chromosomes. There were four types of karyotype formula: 2n=2x=12=4m+8sm, 2n=2x=12=8m+4sm, 2n=2x=12=6m+6sm and 2n=2x=12=4m+6sm+2st. The karyotypes of Yutianchun and Shanxi Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. were 2B type, and those of the other Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. were 2A type. The asymmetrical karyotype coefficients were not distinctively different, which ranged from 61% to 67%, and the karyotype of Sichuan Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. was the most primitive among all the samples, and the highest degree of evolution belonged to Anguoxia Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. The karyotype clustering analysis showed that Jiangsu and Sichuan Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq had the highest karyotype resemblance-near coefficient (0.989) and the smallest evolutionary distance (0.011). The farthest genetic relationship existed between Zhejiang and Yutianchun Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., as shown by the minimum karyotype resemblance-near coefficient (0.792 5) and the maximum evolution distance (0.232 6). CONCLUSION: Karyotype is an important parameter for identification of medicinal plants. The genetic distances between 11 species of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. are obtained by karyotype clustering analysis of karyotype resemblance-near coefficient. The results provide cytological information for the study of germplasms identification, genetic relationship and system evolution of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.

OBJECTIVE: To study variation of total flavonoids from nine different Bupleurum chinense introduced of different ground parts of different organs in different growth period, and explore the best harvest period and the optimal varieties. METHODS: The extraction conditions were optimized by microwave assisted method, UV-visible spectropholometry was used to determine the contents of total flavonoids. RESULTS: The optimum extraction conditions: the concentration of ethanol was 80%, each microwave time 40 s, microwave 10 times; the content of total flavonoids was difference in different growth period, fluctuated trend. The flower was the highest, with an average of 7.59% in the range of 4.65%-16.75%, the content of total flavonoids in nutrition growth phase; leaf>stem, in flowering stage; flower>leaf>stem; in fruiting stage; the content of Gansu Longxi, Liaoning Shenyang, Shandong Heze and Hebei Anguo Bupleurum: fruit>leaf>stem, other Bupleurum; leaf>stem>fruit; The higher the content of total flavonoids was in the flowering and fruiting of nine different Bupleurum chinense introduced, Gansu Longxi Bupleurum (flowering stage) was the highest, up to 27.41%. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that harvested in the flowering or fruiting stage, and carried on the comprehensive development and utilization.

Cancer, also known as malignant tumor, is the second largest disease after heart disease, which is characterized by genomic instability and mutagenicity. Ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related kinase (ATR) are members of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIKK) family, belonging to serine/threonine kinase, one of the key kinases in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair pathway. This paper reviews the latest progress in the ATR inhibitor field including mechanism of action (MOA), therapeutic applications, and the combination therapy from the perspective of medicinal chemistry. It also discusses the possible challenges and future directions of developing ATR inhibitor antitumor drugs, which could provide the scientists in this field the convenience for access the information and application guidance for clinical studies.

OBJECTIVETo explore the technique of induction of polyploidy in Salvia bowleyana by colchicine treatment.

METHODThe three kinds of explant of bud, leaf and calli were induced by colchicine treatment.

RESULTThe induction effects were better when the calli was treated by colchicines (15 mg x L(-1)) and the leaf was pre-cultured for one week. The doubling rate was 33.33%, while the majority were wholy doubled plants, and the leaves were thicker and broader, the color was darker, the root was thicker and the stoma size was obviously bigger than the diploid plants. The number of chromosome were 8 to 64. Isoenzyme analysis showed that the enzyme activities between the polyploid and the diploid plants were quite different.

CONCLUSIONInduction of polyploidy by colchicine treatment is efficacious. The part of the doubled plants were identified as homologmous tetraploids.

Chromosomes, Plant ; genetics ; Colchicine ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; genetics ; growth & development ; Plant Shoots ; anatomy & histology ; genetics ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; genetics ; growth & development ; Polyploidy ; Salvia ; anatomy & histology ; genetics ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo determine the serotype and genotype of a sample with ABO blood group discrepancies.

METHODSSerotype was determined with serological method. Sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) was carried out based on the serotype. Sequences of exons 6 and 7 of ABO gene was analyzed by sequence-based testing (SBT).

RESULTSCompletely agglutinated A antigen, half agglutinated B antigen and weak agglutinated anti-B antibody were detected in both erythrocytes and serum, which suggested presence of a ABw serotype. An A/Bw12 genotype was revealed by B subgroup detection. Sequences of exons 6 and 7 were 278CT, 297GA and 467CT, 526CG, 657CT, 703GA, 796CA, 803GC, 930GA, respectively. The genotype fit with A102/B101 except for a nt278 C>T mutation. Blood group antigen gene mutation database (BGMUT) search has confirmed the mutant allele to be Bw12.

CONCLUSIONAn A102/Bw12 genotype has been found in the Chinese population.

ABO Blood-Group System ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Blood Group Antigens ; genetics ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; methods ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation

OBJECTIVETo observe the dynamic time-phase expressions of key genes of brain-gut CaM signal pathway of spleen Qi deficiency rats and the intervention effect of Sijunzi decoction.

METHODMale Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, model 14 d, 21 d, 28 d groups, and Sijunzi decoction 14 d, 21 d, 28 d groups. Except for the normal control group, the remaining groups were included into the spleen Qi deficiency model with the bitter cold breaking Qi method (ig 7.5 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹ of Rheum officinale, Fructus aurantii immaturus, Magnolia officinalis preparation) and the exhaustive swimming method. On the 7th day after the modeling, the Sijunzi decoction groups were orally administered with Sijunzi decoction 20 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹. The expressions of key genes CaM/CaMK II of CaM signaling pathway in hippocampus and intestine at different time points by immunohistochemical method and Western blot. At the same time, the intervention effect of Sijunzi decoction on spleen Qi deficiency rats and its mechanism were analyzed.

RESULTSpleen Qi deficiency rats showed higher intestinal CaM/CaMK II expression and lower hippocampus CaM/CaMK II expression than normal rats (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After the treatment of Sijunzi decoction, spleen Qi deficiency rats showed reduction in intestinal CaM/CaMK II expression and increase in hippocampus CaM/CaMK II expression (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe formation of spleen Qi deficiency syndrome may be related to the high expression of CaM/CaMK II in small intestine tissues and its low expression in hippocampus tissues. Sijunzi decoction may achieve the therapeutic effect in spleen Qi deficiency syndrome by reducing the CaM/CaMK II expression in intestinal tissues and increasing it in hippocampus tissues.

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Calmodulin ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Intestines ; drug effects ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Male ; Qi ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spleen ; drug effects ; Splenic Diseases ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To assess the high risk factors of acute pressure ulcer (APU) during lateral thoracotomy,and to put forward the corresponding nursing strategy.Methods The preoperative base data and intraoperative data of 124 patients with lateral thoracotomy were analyzed retrospectively.26 patients with APU during lateral thoracotomy were set into APU group,another 98 patients no APU were set into control group.The factors of age,quality index,serum total protein,hemoglobin,blood glucose,Braden score,duration of operation,intraoperative hypotension duration,low oxygen saturation duration,amount of intraoperative bleeding and transfusion amount in two groups were comparatively analyzed retrospectively.Results The APU incidence rate of APU 124 patients with lateral thoracotomy was 20.96％.The most common site of APU was subaxillary lateral chest wall (50.00％).Single factor analysis revealed that 10 factors (except age factor) were significantly related with the incidence of APU(t≥2.16,P＜0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed only the factors of operation duration,Braden score and the amount of intraoperative bleeding were the most important risk factors (P＜0.05).Conclusions The factors of operation duration,Braden score and the amount of intraoperative bleeding are the independent risk factors with the incidence of intraoperative APU.Formufating targeted nursing strategies could reduce the occurrence of APU during lateral thoracotomy.

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the variation in characterizations and genetic evolution of the matrix protein 2 or ion channel protein(M2) genes of avian influenza subtype H5N1 viruses in the boundary region of Yunnan province from 2008 to 2012.

METHODSA total of swab samples were collected from foreign poultry such as the junction between Yunnan and Vietnam, Laos,myanmar and wild birds in boundary region of Yunnan province from 2008 to 2012 and screened by H5N1 subtype-specific multiplex RT-PCR. The M genes of H5N1 virus from the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pMD18-T vectors for sequencing. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis of M2 genes were performed with sequences of the known reference strains.

RESULTSA total of 71 positive samples were found out of 1240 samples and the positive rate was 5.72%. A total of 14 different M2 sequences were obtained from 30 positive samples and were divided into 3 distinct clades or sub-clades(1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 2) by phylogenetic analysis, 5, 7 and 2, respectively. The M2 genes and Hemagglutinin(HA) genes of H5N1 viruses from the boundary region of Yunnan province had showed different relationship of genetic evolution. The substitution or mutation of key amino acids sites had been found among the domains of epitope, adamantane-resistance, and poultry or human original viral strains.

CONCLUSIONThe M2 genes of H5N1 subtype viruses in boundary region of Yunnan province from 2008 to 2012 showed genetic divergence and the virus of clade 1.2.2 had become dominant epidemic strain in this region.

Animals ; Birds ; virology ; Chickens ; virology ; China ; Evolution, Molecular ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Poultry ; virology ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics

The research aimed at investigating the physicochemical properties, stability and skin penetration in vitro of total alkaloids of Sophora flavescens nanoemulsion. Prepare total alkaloids of S. flavescens nanoemulsion and detect the determination of matrine and oxymatrine in the nanoemulsion using HPLC method. Transmission electron microscopy and laser particle size analyzer were utilized to detect the shape and size of the nanoemulsion respectively. And also the stability of nanoemulsion was studied under the conditions of low temperature (4 degrees C), normal temperature (25 degrees C) and high temperature (60 degrees C). Franz diffusion cell was used to research the transdermal absorption of nanoemulsion in vitro. The results found that the nanoemulsion we prepared presented appearance of rounded, uniform; its average diameter was (15.55 +/- 2.24) nm, and particle size distribution value was 0. 161; the appearance, diameter and percentage determination of total alkaloids of S. flavescens had no variations after 15 d under 4, 25, 60 degrees C respectively. The steady-state permeation rate was 4.564 1 microg x cm(-2) x h(-1), 24 h cumulative amount of penetration was 110.7 microg x cm(-2), which was 1.86 fold of 24 h cumulative amount of aqueous solution (59.41 microg x cm(-2)). All the results demonstrated total alkaloids of S. flavescens nanoemulsion had good permeability, and could provide a new preparation for its clinical application.
Alkaloids ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Emulsions ; Male ; Nanostructures ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin Absorption ; Sophora ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo prepare Kushen-Dilong nanoemulsion and nanoemuls-ion gel, and investigate its content, physical and chemical properties. Their transdermal properties in vitro were studied as well.

METHODIPM acted as oil phase, EL35 as surfactant, EtOH as cosurfactant, Pheretima aqueous solution was added dropwise to the oil phase to prepare Kushen-Dilong nanoemulsion at room temperature using magnetic stirring. HPLC was used to determine the content of matrine and oxymatrine in the nanoemulsion. Transmission electron microscopy and laser particle size analyzer was used to determine the shape and size of the nanoemulsion. NP700 was used as substrate to prepare Kushen-Dilong nanoemulsion gel. Franz diffusion cell was used for the nanoemulsion and gel transdermal characteristics in vitro.

RESULTThe Kushen-Dilong nanoemulsion was O/W nanoemulsion, its uniform particle size was 20.6 nm with roundness appearance and stable content. The steady-state permeation rate of Kushen-Dilong nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion gel, saturated aqueous solution, hydro gel were 0.1484, 0.1183, 0.0306, 0.0321 mg x cm(-2) x h(-1), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe 24 h cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate of Kushen-Dilong nanoemulsion and nanoemulsion gel were better than the saturated aqueous solution and hydro gel, which could provide a new dosage form for Kushen-Dilong transdermal drug delivery.

Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Emulsions ; Gels ; Nanostructures ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption