Silent brain infarction (SBI) is mainly diagnosed by brain imaging which is more common in the elderly population.It is considered as the early clinical stage of symptomatic cerebral infarction and cognitive impairment.Its risk factors include age,history of smoking,hypertension,diabetes,metabolic syndrome,carotid atherosclerosis,chronic kidney disease,atrial fibrillation,and obstructive sleep apnea.The related serum biological markers include high-sensitivity C reactive protein,homocysteine,cholesterol,uric acid,and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1.This article reviews the advances in research on the imaging characteristics,risk factors,serum biological markers and clinical significance of SBI.

Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5 ),as a member of the G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR)superfamily,is a membrane protein on cell surface and one of the major of coreceptors for HIV-1infection.CCR5 has became a molecular target for the novel drugs against HIV-1,and antagonists for CCR5 could be grouped as following, chemokine derivatives,small molecule non-peptide compounds,molecular antibodies and peptides. These compounds with high anti-viral activity and affinity are at different stages, and some have been under clinical studies. Therefore, the development research in the different kind of CCR5 antagonists is reviewed.

Drug clinical trial is an important link in the chain of new drug research and development. The results of drug discovery and development directly depend on the extent of standardization of clinical trials. Therefore, improving the quality of drug clinical trials is of great importance, and drug clinical trial institutions play a crucial role in the quality management of drug clinical trials. After years of development, the overall level of drug clinical trials has advanced rapidly in China, and a large number of clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine have also been carried out. However, there is still a big gap between our country and developed countries. Therefore, for the construction and management of Chinese drug clinical trial institutions, there is still a long way to go. This study aims to analyze the current development of drug clinical trial institutions in China and explore the existing problems from three aspects, including current situations of institutional organization and management, regional and professional distributions, and quality control. And some suggestions are put forward finally, including support of traditional Chinese medicine, introduction of drug-risk management system, and construction of information management.
China ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; standards ; Drug Evaluation ; Drug Therapy ; standards ; trends ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Research

To evaluate the influence of phacoemulsification on corneal endothelium of senile cataract with lupus nephritis (LN).
●METHODS:This clinical trial involved 40 cataract patients with lupus nephritis (40 eyes), and 50 cases (50 eyes) without lupus nephritis. All of them underwent phacoemulsification+lOL implantation. The parameters of corneal endothelial cell including central corneal endothelium cell density ( CED ), average area of endothelial cell ( AVE) and coefficient of variation ( CV) were recorded by corneal endothelial microscope pre -operation and at one month after operation. The data were analyzed by SPSS 13. 0 statistical software.
● RESULTS: Both LN group and control group, the morphology of coneal endothelial was statistical significant differences between pre - operation and 1mo postoperation. The CED was lower, AVE and CV were higher ( P < 0. 05, respectively). A significant decrease in CED was seen in the LN group than did in the control group (P < 0. 05). Compared to control group,the post -operative AVE and CV in LN group was significantly increased (P<0. 05).
● CONCLUSlON: The corneal endothelial cell in lupus nephritis patients is more fragile. Safe and reliable operation should be selected for these patients.

Bilirubin is a metabolic end product degraded under the action of heme oxygenase.It is an endogenous antioxidant and has the function of anti-atherosclerosis, clearing free radicals and protecting the tissues and organs of the body.This article reviews the metabolism and biological characteristics of bilirubin, and the correlations between bilirubin and vascular risk factors, as well as between bilirubin and ischemic stroke.

Objective To examine clinical significance and relativity of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods Ser-um concentrations of H-FABP and hs-CRP were measured in 60 patients with chronic heart failure and 30 control subjects. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was examined by Doppler echocardio graphic in all subjects. Re-sults Serum concentrations of H-FABP and hs-CRP were higher in patients with chronic heart failure than in con-trol subjects[(6.11±1.49)μg/L vs (4.24±1.40)μg/L,and (12.77±3.65)mg/L vs(4.85±1.35) mg/L,t=5.746 and 7.543,P<0.01] but LVEF was lower in patients with chronic heart failure than in control subjects [(42.13±6.55) % vs (61.50±3.89) %,t=-14.902,P<0.01]. In CHF subgroups,H-FABP and hs-CRP lev-el increased with advancing NYHA class (F=26.288 and 351.784,P<0.01) but LVEF decreased (F=252.834,P<0.01). The serum H-FABP concentrations had a positive correlation with serum hs-CRP concentrations (r=0.801,P<0.01),and a negative correlation with LVEF (r=-0.718,P<0.01) ;serum hs-CRP concentrations had a negative correlation with LVEF(r=-0.881,P<0.01). Conclusion Serum H-FABP and hs-CRP levels are in-creased with the worsening of CHF. H-FABP and hs-CRP level are pnsitiviely related. The quantitative determination of serum concentrations of H-FABP and hs-CRP is valuable for risk stratification in patients with chronic heart fail-ure.

The clinical data and routine biochemical parameters of 64 maintenance hemodialysis (MHD)patients and 20 controls were analyzed in the study.Serum cystatin C levels were detected by latex particle enhalice inununo-turbidimetry:and the cardial structure and function were assessed by echocardiography.As MHD time extended,the levels of semm cystatin C increased gradually,accompanied with high incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH).The LVH-positive patients had higher systolic blood pressure and left veHtricular mass index,and had higher serum cystatin C than tllose in LVH-negative patients.The serum cystatin C levels were positively correlated with left yentricular mass index(r=0.633,P<0.01)and systolic blood pressure(r:0.397,P<0.01).The results suggest that serum cystatin levels may be an influencing factor for long-term cardiacvascular complication in MHD patients.

Objective To investigate the pathological diagnosis of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in gastric biopsy.MethodsOne hundred and forty-three cases diagnosed by gastric biopsy as high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia were analyzed by light microscopy,and were compared with the pathological findings of surgical specimens in 60 cases and a second biopsy in 13 cases.Results Among the sixty cases treated surgically following the gastric biopsies,no carcinoma was found in 6,while the other 54 were diagnosed as gastric adenocarcinoma,27 in advanced stage and 27 in early stage,respectively.Fifteen cases were well-differentiated,24 moderately-differentiated,12 poorly-differentiated and 3 were of mucinous type.Four of the 13 cases with a second biopsy were diagnosed as well-differentiated adenocarcinoma,8 low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 1 chronic inflammation.The colorectal adenomas-like changes were morphologically found in 6 surgically-treated cases without carcinoma,5 of whom mucous muscles were not found by biopsy.Fibroblastic reactions were found in 9 cases,all of which were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma in surgical specimens.Conclusion Ninety percent of the cases who are diagnosed as high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia by biopsy may have already been complicated with adenocarcinoma.The location and depth of the specimen in gastric biopsy have a considerable influence on pathological diagnosis.The fibroblastic reaction may be considered as an important marker for gastric adenocarcinoma in pathological diagnosis of gastric biopsy.

Objective To investigate the incidence and related risk factors of female stress urinary incontinence(SUI) in a county of Chengdu. Methods The women were interviewed with questionnaires,which were designed to the modified standard of the Advisory Committee of Urinary Incontinence of Asia-pacific Region. Results The total number of the women investigated was 563,while the number of the valid questionnaires was 512,with the efficient rate 98.5%.Of these women,46.1%(236/512) had urinary incontinence,21.9%(112/512) had simplex SUI,4.7%(24/512) had simplex urgent urinary incontinence and 19.5%(100/512) had complex urinary incontinence.The incidence of SUI(simplex SUI plus complex urinary incontinence) was 41.4%(212/512).The incidence of SUI was associated with factors such as age,pregnancies,drinking and education level,and the severity was associated with age,body mass index and education level.Conclusion The incidence of SUI in this county of Chengdu is relatively higher.Heath education is very important for the female health.

AIM: To compare and analyze the stereopsis of intermittent exotropia children under the different backgrounds of dynamic stimuli and static stimuli.
METHODS: We collected 56 children ( male 26, female 30 with intermittent exotropia at the age from 5y to 12y and examined their stereopsis under the different backgrounds of dynamic stimuli and static stimuli using a multidimensional sense perception training software. The differences between the dynamic stereopsis and static stereopsis were compared.
RESULTS: Totally 17 cases ( 30%) had both dynamicstereopsis and static stereopsis, 39 cases ( 70%) had either dynamic or static stereopsis deficit, only 10 cases ( 26%) had dynamic stereopsis, 25 cases ( 64%) static stereopsis left and 4 cases ( 10%) were without any form of stereopsis. The positive rate of dynamic stereopsis was better than the positive rate of static stereopsis, with statistical significance (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSION: Dynamicstereopsis is better than the static stereopsis to intermittent exotropia children.