Objective To investigate the influence of surface grafting density of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules on the interactions of nanoparticle with the biomembrane.Methods The dynamics of polymer as well as its shielding effect on the wrap of the membrane were investigated using coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations.A coarse grained model force field,MARTINI,was employed for its ability to reproduce experimental properties of various lipid dynamics and some kinds of polymer as well.Results As a result,structural variations and energy changes of grafted PEG molecules on the nanoparticles,adsorbing dynamics of PEGs on the membrane as well as the wrap rates of the membrane were obtained to shed light on the PEGylation-mediated shielding mechanism in the adsorption of PEGylated nanoparticles on the membrane.Conclusions The surface grafting density of PEGylated nanoparicles has been found to play a crucial role in the stealth shielding behavior of PEGylated nanocarriers.These studies are consistent with experimental observations and to some extent give a molecular level interpretation of the macroscale observations of prolonged circulation half-life of stealth nanocarriers.

Objective To estimate fairness in the financial contributions of suburban households of Shanghai to the health system and the situation throughout the country. Methods A household survey was conducted to obtain data on health expenditure and government health input, which was then analyzed by means of the index for and methodology of fairness in the financial contributions of households in the performance assessment of the health system as introduced by the WHO. Results The coefficient of fairness in the financial contributions of households to the health system was estimated to be 0.735 and the rate of cooperative medical care coverage was positively related to the fairness. Conclusion The fairness level of the financial contributions of suburban households of Shanghai to the health system tallies with the level estimated by the WHO for China while the national level is lower. The calculations of government subsidy for household health, as recommended by the WHO in estimating fairness in the financial contributions to the health system, do not conform to the actual situation in China.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) monitoring in the patients after cardiac operation.Methods Fifty patients after cardiac operation were randomly selected into this study.After the patients entered ICU 2 h,ScvO2,mixed venous oxygen saturation (S(v)vO2),lactate (Lac) were detected at the same time and oxygen extraction rate (O2ER) was calculated.Fifty patients were divided into three groups according to the level of ScvO2,group A (ScvO2 ＜0.65,23 patients),group B (ScvO2 0.65-0.75,18 patients),group C (ScvO2 ＞ 0.75,9 patients).The correlation among ScvO2,S(v)vO2,O2ER were analyzed.The correlation between ScvO2 and Lac in each group were calculated.The level of Lac in three groups were compared.The incidence rate of complications,ventilator time and ICU stay time were compared.Results The level of ScvO2,S（v）O2,O2ER,Lac in 50patients were 0.656 ±0.086,0.639 ±0.081,0.356 ±0.084,(2.6 ± 1.3) mmol/L.The level of ScvO2 had significantly positive correlation with S(v)O2 (r =0.688,P ＜ 0.01),and had significantly negative correlation with O2ER (r =-0.640,P ＜0.01).In group A,the level of Lac had significantly negative correlation with ScvO2 (r =-0.772,P ＜ 0.01).In group C,the level of Lac had significantly positive correlation with ScvO2 (r =0.717,P ＜ 0.05).In group B,the level of Lac had no significant correlation with ScvO2 (r =-0.358,P ＞0.05).The level of Lac in group A and group C was significantly higher than that in group B [(2.0 ± 0.9),(4.8 ±2.1) mmol/L vs.(1.6 ±0.5) mmol/L] (P ＜0.05 or ＜0.01).The incidence rate of hyoxemia,low cardiac output syndrome and renal functional lesion in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence rate of liver functional lesion and renal functional lesion in group C were significantly higher than those in group B (P ＜ 0.05).The ventilator time and ICU stay time in group A andgroup C were significantly longer than those in group B (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions ScvO2 is an ideal index to judge oxygen equilibrium in early period after cardiac operation.The lower and supranormal ScvO2 both suggest tissue hypoxia,resulting in increased postoperative complications and prolonged treatment.

A further observation was conducted on the ultrastructure of mother sporccyst (Ms),daughter sporocyst in the brood chamber (b-Ds),migrating daughter sporccyst (mi-Es) and daughter sporocyst in the liver tissue (1-Ds) of Oncomelania hupensis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.There are 5 points worthy of mention here,namely:(1)A special structure,microvilli polymerizing cisterna,is found on the tegument of 52-day-old Ms branche in all directions and a tubule-like structure is connected to the matrix of the tegument,The significance of this structure may be dealed with the metabolism and transport of the parasite.(2) The tegumental spines appear on 52-day-old Ms.(3) The function of multilaminated vesicle in the tegument of 1-Ds may be associated with the turning over of the surface coat of the larvae and the copatibiltiy between parasite and molluscan host.(4) Abundant ?-glycogen granules and mitochondria appear in the cytoplasm of parenchyma cell of brood chamber of Ms and Ds.It is proposed that the parenchymal cells not only served as the filling material,but also serve as the nursing cells for the regulation of asexual reproduction of the sporocysts.(5)The orientation of muscle fibers of the head of the mi-Ds and narrow node region of 1-Ds shows a well development of the inner longitudinal fibers adjacent to the outer circular muscle layer.They run anlero-posteriorly or vertically from the dorsal to the ventral.The pattern of muscle fibers may account for the activity of these regions of the parasite.(Figs 1-8)In short,the presentation of microvilli polymerizing cisterna,multilamilated vesicle,?-glycogen granules in parenchymal cell,the genesis of spine and the pattern of muscle fibers of the larval stage of schistosome might be helpful in understanding the asexual reproductive physiology of the parasite.

Objective To study the variation of the urogenital hiatus dimension in late pregnancy women by three-dimensional(3D) pelvic floor ultrasonography,to provide imaging evidence in the study of the relationship between pregnancy and pelvic floor dysfunction diseases.Methods Twenty nulliparas and forty late pregnancy women were examined by 3D pelvic floor ultrasonography to obtain the image of urogenital hiatus in which anteroposterior diameter of urogenital hiatus (AP),left to right diameter of urogenital hiatus (LR) and area of urogenital hiatus (HA) were measured and compared.AP,LR and HA were also compared between the late pregnancy women with stress urinary incontinence symptom and those without stress urinary incontinence symptom.Results AP,LR and HA in late pregnancy women were greater than those in nulliparas(all P ＜0.05) and had no difference between the late pregnancy women with stress urinary incontinence symptom and those without stress urinary incontinence symptom(all P ＞0.05).Conclusions 3D pelvic floor ultrasonography is an effective imaging method to observe pelvic support in pregnancy women.

Objective To study the genetic variation of two mitochondrial DNA molecules (CO1 and Cytb gene) of Oncomelania hupensis isolated from different areas. Methods Snails were collected from Jingxi of Guangxi,Yueyang of Hunan and Eryuan of Yunnan. Genomic DNA was extracted from the snails,Co1 and Cytb gene fragments were amplified by PCR,then purified and sequenced. Sequences of each isolates were edited by using Clustal W(1.82) software,and the nucleotide composition,transition and transversion were accounted by using MEGA(3.1) software. The genetic distances were computed with Kimura method and phylogenetic trees were constructed with UPGMA and MP method respectively. Results CO1 and Cytb gene fragments were about 700 bp and 600 bp(including 2 primers) respectively. A total of 106 mutation spots (15.9%) were tested in CO1 homological nucleotides,and 165 mutation spots (28.5%) were tested in Cytb homological nucleotides. The distance matrix between Guangxi isolate and Hunan isolate was 0.051 and 0.031 for CO1 gene and Cytb gene respectively;while that between Guangxi and Yunnan isolates was 0.158 and 0.405 respectively. Phylogenetic trees constructed by UPGMA and MP took on the similar topo-structure:isolates of Guangxi and Hunan clustered into one group,while the Yunnan isolate exhibited as another group. Conclusion Oncomelania hupensis in Guangxi,Hunan and Yunnan are of relatively rich polymorphism in CO1 and Cytb genes in general.

Actinomycosis ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Tongue Diseases ; microbiology ; pathology

【Objective】 To detect the copy numbers of brain-deriv ed neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene in BDNF transfected PcDNA3.1(+)/BDNF/CHO cel ls with fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR). 【Methods 】 BDNF DNA were amplified by GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System with eq ual quantitative genomic DNA of PcDNA3.1(+)/BDNF/CHO, PcDNA3.1(+)/CHO and CHO cells as tamplates respectively. The process was repeated 30 times for every sam ples. The results were analyzed using q test. 【Results】 The copy numbers o f BDNF of PcDNA3.1(+)/BDNF/CHO cells and PcDNA 3.1(+)/CHO and CHO cells were 9 5 164±12, 31 622±10, 31 622±11 respectively. The copy numb ers of BDNF of PcDNA3.1(+)/BDNF/CHO cells were as three times as those of the P cDNA3.1(+)/CHO and CHO cells. The copy numbers of the two latters were the same . 【Conclusion】 The results clearly show that the PcDNA3.1(+)/BDNF/CHO cells h arbor two BDNF DNA copies.

OBJECTIVETo investigate a new endoscopic transaxillary technique for release of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) in congenital muscular torticollis (CMT).

METHODSFrom May 2008 to March 2014, a total of 25 cases (male 7 and female 18), ranging in age from 14 to 31 years (mean age, 17.6 years), were operated for torticollis by endoscopic-assisted surgery. The sternal and clavicular attachments of the sternocleidomastoid were released by skin lift approach.

RESULTSThe primary healing was achieved in all the 25 cases with no injury of major vessels or nerves. The patients were followed up for 6 months with satisfactory result and invisible scar.

CONCLUSIONSThe subcutaneous endoscopic transaxillary and skin lift approach for the CMT provides good functional and cosmetic outcomes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Axilla ; Cicatrix ; Clavicle ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neck Muscles ; surgery ; Torticollis ; congenital ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective To observe the effect of acupuncture plus acupoint injection on the hyperhomocystinemia in the convalescent stage of cerebral infarction patients.Method A total of 120 patients in the convalescent stage of cerebral infarction with hyperhomocystinemia were randomized into group A, group B, and group C, 40 cases in each group. The three groups were intervened by conventional western medicine treatment and rehabilitation therapy, the group A was byXing Nao Kai Qiao acupuncture treatment in addition, the group B was by acupoint injection with cobamamide for injection and the group C was byXing Nao Kai Qiao acupuncture plus acupoint injection treatment. The change of the plasma homocysteine (HCY) level, the Barthel Index (BI) score and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were observed before and after treatment.ResultEach index(the HCY level, BI score and NIHSS score) in the three groups was significantly changed after treatment(P<0.01). Each index in the group C was significantly different from that in the group A and group B after treatment(P<0.05,P<0.01). The HCY level of the group B after the treatment was significantly different from that of the group A.Conclusion Acupuncture plus acupoint injection can significantly change the HCY level of the convalescent stage of cerebral infarction patients with hyperhomocystinemia, improve the activity of daily living and nerve function.