Objective To compare the efficacy and efficiency of simulation-based training of flexible fibreoptic intubation in novices with virtual reality simulator.Methods A total of 46 anaesthesia residents in their first stage of training in anaesthesiology with no experience in flexible fibreoptic intubation at Peking University People's Hospital were enrolled in the study,and were divided into 2 groups randomly,which were virtual reality simulator group (group S,n=23) and manikin group (group M,n=23).The group S was then trained for 25 times on simulator,while the group M did the same processes on manikin.After training,participants in both groups had their performance assessed with the fibrescope evaluated through the oral route using a simulation manikin,who were instructed to attempt to advance the fibrescope 5 consecutive times to view the carina in the shortest amount of time.The time required to view the carina of each practice during training in both groups were recorded as pooled data to construct group learning curves with the application of SPSS 20.0.By using repeated measures analysis of variance and Ttest,the procedure time and global rating scale (GRS) of fibreoptic bronchoscope manipulation ability were compared between groups,so did the participant's confidence between before and after the training both within-subjects and between-subjects.Results The plateaus in the learning curves were achieved after 19 (15,26) practice sessions in group S and 24 (19,31) in group M,respectively.There was no significant difference in the procedure time [(13.7 ± 6.6) s and (11.9 ±4.1) s] and GRS [(3.9 ±0.4) vs.(3.7 ±0.3)]between groups.There were significant increases in participant's confidences in both groups after training [group S:(1.8 ± 0.5) vs.(3.9 ± 0.6),t=10.928,P=0.000;group M:(2.0 ± 0.7) vs.(3.9 ± 0.5),t=15.306,P=0.000],but there was no significant difference between groups.Conclusion The simulation-based training of flexible fibreoptic intubation in novices with virtual reality simulator is more efficient than the one with manikin,but the similar effects can be achieved in both modalities,after adequate trainings.In the related training a balance between time cost and economic cost should be considered and the appropriate teaching methods and forms should be taken.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the significance of Th17/Treg imbalance in the development and treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children.

METHODSThirty-two children diagnosed with ITP between May and August, 2015 and 22 healthy children were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to determine the Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood of healthy children and children with ITP before and after treatment with immunoglobulin.

RESULTSCompared with the patients with ITP before treatment, the healthy children and the patients treated with immunoglobulin had a significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells in CD4+ T cells, a significantly lower Th17/Treg ratio, and a significantly higher percentage of Treg cells in CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood (P<0.05). In the 32 ITP children treated with immunoglobulin, 20 had complete response, 4 had response, and 8 had no response. The patients with complete response had a significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells in CD4+ T cells and a significantly lower Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood than the patients without response (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe Th17/Treg imbalance can be found in children with ITP. Immunoglobulin can improve the cellular immune function by regulation of the Th17/Treg ratio. The Th17/Treg ratio may serve as an indicator for assessing the therapeutic effects of ITP.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; immunology ; Th17 Cells ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism by which HBV X gene(HBx) inhibits apoptosis of human hepatoma cell line HepG2 in terms of miRNA.

METHODSThree cell lines were prepared: HepG2 cells stably transfected with HBx (HepG2/HBx), HepG2 cells stably transfected with pcDNA3.1 (HepG2/pcDNA3.1) and HepG2 cells. Flow cytometry was adopted to measure the apoptosis of these three cells and Taqman fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to examine miR-192 expression. After HepG2 cells was transfected with miR-192, the apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and the expressions of p53 and PUMA at mRNA and protein levels were evaluated by SYBR Green quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively.

RESULTSCompared with HepG2/pcDNA3.1 cells (11.46% ± 0.69%) and HepG2 cells (12.5% ± 0.66%), the apoptosis rate of HepG2/HBx cells (2.37% ± 0.35%) was significantly reduced (F = 171.722, P < 0.01). The level of miR-192 was 49.1% ± 5.9% in HepG2 cells, which was dramatically down-regulated (F = 14.319, P = 0.019) as compared to the other two groups (HepG2/pcDNA3.1: 98.0% ± 8.9%; HepG2: 100%). Compared with HepG2 cells transfected with miR-NC (10.74% ± 1.15%), transfection of miR-192 into HepG2 cells led to increased apoptosis (15.74% ± 1.17%) (F = 18.415, P = 0.013) and higher p53 and PUMA expressions at mRNA (p53: 1.68 ± 0.12 vs 0.90 ± 0.09, F = 43.115, P = 0.003, PUMA: 1.66 ± 0.10 vs 0.98 ± 0.06, F = 22.541, P = 0.009) and protein (p53: 3.07 vs 1, PUMA: 2.13 vs 1) levels.

CONCLUSIONHBx could inhibit apoptosis of HepG2 cells through down-regulation of miR-192 which induces apoptosis of HepG2 cells.

Apoptosis ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Down-Regulation ; Genes, Viral ; Hep G2 Cells ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; MicroRNAs ; metabolism ; Trans-Activators ; genetics ; metabolism

It is an important influencing factor that the generated wear particles lead to periprosthetic osteolysis after artificial joint replacement. Current research suggests that the primary cause of wear particles results in periprosthetic osteolysis is relate to the prosthetic materials and the stimulations because of these materials generated wear particles to relevant cells such as macrophage, osteoblast, osteoclast. Induced a variety of inflammatory cytokines, activating and openning the cell signal and channels, producing the long term chronic inflammation leads to periprosthetic osteolysis. Therefor, the paper mainly studies the different types of wear particles influence on periprosthetic osteolysis, and the wear particles around the periprosthetic osteolysis mechanism in the process of progress, moreover, to explore how to reduce the occurrence of wear particles and blocking its role in the periprosthetic osteolysis, in order to achieve the purpose of prevention and treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis.

OBJECTIVETo compare the characterization of hemagglutination and the sequence of HA1 region of the influenza A (H3N2) virus in Zhejiang province and Japan in recent years.

METHODSHemagglutinin antigenic analysis of influenza A (H3N2) viruses which were isolated in Zhejiang province was carried out and to compare their characterization of hemagglutination and the sequence of amino acids in HA1 region with the virus strains from Japan during the same period.

RESULTSThe antigenicity and the amino acid sequence in HA1 region of the virus strains prevalent in Zhejiang in recent years have changed to some extent. Most of the virus strains were lack of hemagglutination reaction to chicken red blood cell and became "O" phase virus strains. The amino acid sequence of HA1 region of the virus strains exhibited only 94.82% of its homology with that of A/Wuhan/359/95 strain. The virus strains of Japan in the same period showed similar characteristics.

CONCLUSIONHA1 gene variation of influenza A (H3N2) viruses was the main cause leading to the spread of influenza in the last years.

Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Viral ; immunology ; China ; epidemiology ; Genetic Variation ; Hemagglutination Tests ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Japan ; epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

OBJECTIVETo explore the neutralization capacities of different types of human serum to measles virus epidemic strains and vaccine strain.

METHODSNeutralization antibody (NT) to Shanghai 191 and measles virus isolates in 2005 were tested using acute and convalescent serum samples from diagnosed measles patients, children serum samples collected before and after vaccination and serum samples of migrant residents, from 3 different regions. Additionally, animal immune serum referring to vaccine strain and 3 epidemic strains were prepared and used to undergo crossing neutralization test with corresponding strains mentioned-above. Antigenic ratios were calculated.

RESULTSGMT value of NT of after-immune serum to vaccine strains was 50.82,1.86 times higher than that to MVi/ZJ/05/7 (GMT was 27.35), whereas GMT value of convalescent serum to MVi/ZJ/05/7 (GMT was 386.95) was obviously higher than that to vaccine strain (GMT was 1:151.83),and GMT value of migrant residents' serum in 3 regions to MVi/ZJ/05/7 were 2.22-4.17 times lower than that to vaccine strain. Meanwhile,the antigenic ratios between MVi/ZJ/ 99/1, MVi/ZJ/04/1, MVi/ZJ/05/7 and vaccine strain were found to be 4.28,5.24 and 5.66 respectively. Additionally,low NT titers to vaccine strain were found in patients' acute sera and GMT value was over 1:4.

CONCLUSIONThere were obvious differences on neutralization antibody of different types of serum to measles vaccine strain and epidemic strains which indicating the antigenic diversity of epidemic strains had influenced the protective effectiveness of vaccine antibody to epidemic strains. It was of significance to carry on research projects on the antigenic diversity and effectiveness of measles vaccine.

Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; blood ; immunology ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Antigens, Viral ; genetics ; immunology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Measles ; epidemiology ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; immunology ; Measles virus ; genetics ; Neutralization Tests ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVEDiffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a chronic progressive disease of the lower respiratory tract, which is prevalent in Asian population. So far, many DPB cases have been found in adults in China. To our knowledge, no pediatric DPB case has ever been reported in China. We describe the first pediatric DPB case in Chinese literature and the second case in the English-language literature.

METHODThe clinical manifestations, characteristic imaging and histological features of this DPB case were summarized.

RESULTSThe patient was a 13-year old girl complained of chronic productive cough with wheezing. Chest auscultation revealed fine moist rales and wheezing over both lung fields. The chest X-ray showed small nodules and reticular opacities in left lower lobe. High-resolution thorax computerized tomography (HRCT) demonstrated bilateral diffuse small centrilobuler nodules and bronchial wall thickening or bronchiectasis in some parts of the lungs. Histopathological examination of transbronchial biopsy specimen revealed lymphocytes and foamy histocytes infiltrated in the walls of bronchi, respiratory bronchioles and adjacent alveoli. Lymphoid follicles were present around some bronchi. Sinus radiographs revealed sinusitis. Lung function studies showed obstruction and restriction. PaO2 was 65 mm Hg. The diagnosis of DPB was made according to the current diagnostic criteria. Low-dose erythromycin [5 - 10 mg/(kg.d)] was effective.

CONCLUSIONDPB could occur in children in China. The major diagnostic clues may include the following: (1) persistent cough, sputum, and dyspnea; (2) coexistent chronic sinusitis; (3) bilateral diffuse small nodular opacities on HRCT. Low-dose erythromycin was effective in treatment of the case with DPB.

Adult ; Bronchiolitis ; pathology ; China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; Cough ; blood ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Respiratory Function Tests ; methods ; Sputum ; microbiology

Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the infection of Lyme disease, Spotted fever, Ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosisin) in wild animals and ticks in the mountain areas of Zhejiang province. Methods Nested polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify specific DNA sequences of Lyme spirochetes, Spotted fever group rickettsiae, Ehrlichia (anaplasma) from samples of mice and ticks. Results 14 positive samples were identified from 121 mice and 105 groups of ticks. Among mice samples, one positive 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer of Borreia burgdorferi and two 5' fragments of Ehrlichia (anaplasma) 16S rDNA were obtained. 11 positive results were detected from tick samples including three 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions of Borreia burgdorferi and eight 5' fragments of Spotted fever group rickettsiae outer member protein A gene. One group of adult ticks, Haemaphysalis longicornis, which had been collected from eastern mountain area were detected to have co-infected with Lyme spirochetes and Spotted fever group rickettsiae. The positive sequences of 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer and ompA gene were tested and analyzed as Lyme spirochetes while rickettsia which was closely related to Borrelia valaisiana and R. massilliae. Conclusion This was the first report about co-infection of Lyme spirochetes and Spotted fever group rickettsiae found in the same group of adult Haemaphysalis longicornis. It is very important to strengthen the surveillance program on tick-borne infectious disease and their pathogenic in vectors, wild animals and targeted high risk groups and to differentiate the clinical manifestation and diagnosis to extend the knowledge of tick-borne infectious diseases in Zhejiang.

OBJECTIVETo ascertain the genetic characterization and genotype of measles viruses isolated in Shanghai region, in 2005.

METHODSMeasles virus was isolated from throat swab specimens collected from suspected measles cases and 450 bp fragment of C terminus of nucleprotein (N) gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis was conducted to ascertain the genotype and to compare the difference of nucleotide with other measles virus strain published in GenBank.

RESULTS4 measles viruses were isolated from 10 throat swab specimens, and the sequence analysis indicated that they belonged to H1 genotype. The homogeneity of 450 nucleotides in the C terminal of the N gene was at 98%-98.2% as compared to H1 genotype (China93-7). They differed from genotype H2 (China94-1) at 6.4%-6.9% and from genotype A (Edmonston) at 6.7%-6.9%, from measles vaccine (Shanghail91) at 7.6%-8.0%. They differed from the other measles viral strain isolated in China in 1993 - 2005 at 0.2%-3.7%. The variation within 4 isolated measles viruses was at 0.7%-1.3%.

CONCLUSIONIt was H1 genotype measles viruses,which are the native viruses in China that led to the outbreak of measles in Shanghai, in 2005.

China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genotype ; Humans ; Measles ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Measles virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

OBJECTIVEIn order to obtain functional genes, a normalized stems cDNA library was constructed from medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale.

METHODSMART (switching mechanism at 5' end of RNA transcript) cDNA synthesis combined with DSN (duplex-specific nuclease) normalization was applied to construct the normalized full-length cDNA library of D. officinale.

RESULTThe titer of cDNA library was about 1.3 x 10(6) cfu x mL(-1) and the average insertion size was about 1.5 kb with high recombination rate (93.9%). Random selected 163 positive clones were sequenced at single side. Bio-information analysis indicated that 147 from 150 high-quality unique sequences matched corresponding homologous proteins, and they participated in various biological processes based on GO (gene ontology). There were 8 clones with complete coding sequence, which presumed to be full-length genes.

CONCLUSIONThese results showed preliminarily that we successfully constructed a normalized full-length cDNA library of D. officinale which could be used to screen the functional genes related to metabolic pathways of medicinal ingredients.

Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Dendrobium ; genetics ; Gene Library ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; methods