Retinal ganglion cells are crucial in the formation of vision. Injury or death of retinal ganglion cells may lead to irreversibly damage of visual function. Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and other blind leading diseases can cause the damage or progressively apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Currently, there is no specific treatment to restore vision damage caused by those diseases. Scholars at home and abroad focus on stem cells transplantation in order to recover the visual function of patients. Two categories are mainly involved in stem cell transplantation, one is the replacement therapy based on stem cells, the other is to promote the secretion of some factors to protect ganglion cells through stem cell transplantation. In this review, we aim to summarize the potential of stems cell transplantation to treat retinal ganglion cells related diseases, and discuss the differentiation of different types of stem cells to retinal ganglion cells.

AIM: To compare the efficiency and safety of torsional phacoemulsification with or without intelligent phacoemulsification ( IP ) software in hard nucleus cataract extraction.
METHODS: Ninety two eyes with Ⅳ - Ⅴ grades cataracts were enrolled in this randomized prospective study. Operated eyes were divided into two groups -those operated without IP software ( non- IP group, n =43) and those operated using IP software (IP group, n =49 ). The two groups were compared in terms of ultrasound time (UST) and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE). Post- operative outcome measures included the corneal edema and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 1,7d and 3mo postoperatively, corneal endothelial cell density and percentage of hexagonal cell at 7d and 3mo postoperatively.
RESULTS: UST was measured as 52. 51±9. 64s in non-IP Group and 48. 79±7. 13s in IP Group (P = 0. 030). CDE was 15. 78±3. 73% in non-IP Group and 14. 29±2. 77% in IP Group ( P = 0. 026). At the first postoperative day, the rate of BCVA>0. 1 in non-IP Group was 56%, and the rate in IP Group was 79% (P= 0. 066). Corneal edema in non-IP Group was 2. 98±0. 77 scores, and in IP Group it was 2. 61±0. 64 scores (P = 0. 021). At the postoperative 7 and 30d, the BCVA and corneal edema were no differences between two groups. At the postoperative 7d, corneal endothelial cell density in non- IP Group were 2497. 95 ±211. 48 / mm2 , less than 2586. 26±154. 71 / mm 2 in IP Group (P= 0. 029);percentage of hexagonal cell in IP group was 48. 33±8. 69%,higher than 44. 19±9. 48% of non-IP group(P= 0. 030).CONCLUSION: In hard nucleus cataract extraction, the IP software can combine the advantages of the two kinds of ultrasonic modes, which is more effective with lower ultrasound energy and less injury for the corneal endothclium, and is helpful for the recovery of vision at early stage after surgeries.

Clinical features and thyroid-stimulating antibody(TSAb)in 32 newly diagnosed patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy(GO)were compared with those in 27 Graves' disease(GD)patients without GO(as control group).All of the patients with GO received intravenous glucocorticoids.The level of serum TSAb in patients with GO was significantly higher than that in patients without GO.TSAb was also associated with the prognosis.It suggests that TSAb seems to be the most active component among the TSH receptor antibodies related to ophthalmopathy and may act as a predictive parameter.

Secondary glaucoma is a kind of complications after vitrectomy, its etiologies are various and complex. Ineffective therapies might cause irreversible damage on optic nerves and visual field defect, even the loss in visual function. Nowadays, this project has been paid great attention by various researches both in China and abroad. Both the pathogens and therapies of secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy are analyzed as follows.

As one branch of epigenetics, the sirtuins family ( ClassⅢ histone deacetylase) receive much attention in recent years. SIRT1 as the most famous of the sirtuins family members has been verified involved in a variety of age-related diseases. While the SIRT1 formation is paid more and more attention in age-related cataract. Now, we briefly overviewed the research progress on the role of SIRT1 in age-related cataract.

AIM: To confirm the effects of capillary endothelium injury in the lung with ischemia reperfusion. METHODS: The rabbits pulmonary models of ischemia reperfusion (I-R)injury were established. Plasma nitric oxide and endothelin levels, arterial oxygen tension and wet/dry weight ratios were determined in different periods in control and I-R groups, and the pulmonary ultrastructure abnormities were analyzed under electromicroscope. RESULTS: The plasma levels of NO and ET-1 in I-R animals increased significantly ,compared with those in sham treated control groups. The level of ET-1 had significantly negative correlation with PaO 2 and positive correlation with the value of the wet/dry weight ratios. The swelling and karyopyknosis of capillary endothelium in the lung with I-R groups were observed in ischemia periods. The injuries of endotheliums and typeⅠandⅡ alveolar cells in 0 5 h of reperfusion were more severe than those in ischemia time, and the injuries began to repair in 2 h of reperfusion time. CONCLUSION: In the I-R group, pulmonary capillary endothelium have been injuried, which may play a prominent role in I-R injury and dysfunction of the lung.

Objective To evaluate development of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) during laparoscopic surgery in lateral jack-knife position under general anesthesia through comparing with reverse Trendelenburg/ Trendelenburg position in the patients lying supine.Methods Ninety patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m2,scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =30 each):lateral jack-knife position group (group L),Trendelenburg position group (group T) and reverse Trendelenburg position group (group Tre).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,sufentanil,propofol and cisatracurium besylate and maintained with propofol and remifentanil given by target-controlled infusion.A pH-sensitive probe was inserted through nose into the lower esophagus and pH value was continuously recorded until 1 min after extubation.GER was defined as pH value ≤ 4 lasting for ≥ 1 min in the lower esophagus during surgery.The development of GER during surgery and the lowest pH value in the lower esophagus when GER developed were recorded.Results Compared with group Tre,the incidence of GER (27％) and total number of times GER had occurred were significantly increased in group L,and no significant changes were found in the indices mentioned above in L and T groups.When GER developed,the lowest pH value in the lower esophagus was 2.1 ± 1.3,2.6 ± 1.2 and 3.5 in L,T and Tre groups,respectively.Conclusion The incidence of GER is 27 ％ during laparoscopic surgery when the patients are in lateral jack-knife position and it is higher than that obtained with reverse Trendelenburg position in the patients lying supine.

Objective To investigate the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 4 (MCP-4), macrophage derived chemokine (MDC) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in serum of children with mycoplasma pneumonia (MP). Methods Serum levels of MCP-4, MDC and CysLTs measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were analyzed in 60 children with MP including 36 children with wheezing (MP wheezing group) and 24 children without wheezing (MP non-wheezing group), 30 children with pneumonia but not infected with mycoplasma pneumonia (NMP group), 35 children with acute asthma exacerbation (asthma group), and 25 health children (control group). Results Serum levels of MCP-4, CysLTs and MDC were found markedly elevated in asthma group. The serum levels of MCP-4 and MDC showed signiifcant difference between each of the groups (all P<0.01) except that between non-wheezing group and NMP group (P>0.05). As for serum level of CysLTs, no signiifcant differences were found between asthma group and MP wheezing group, NMP group and MP-non-wheezing group (all P>0.05). The serum levels of MCP-4, MCD and CysLTs in children with MP were positively correlated with one another. Conclusions MCP-4, MDC and CysLTs play important roles in pathogenesis of MP and are the major causes of wheezing in MP.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment on systemic inflammatory response syndrome after trauma. Methods Totally 86 cases of severe trauma patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome in ICU were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. The control group was given routine treatment of ulinastatin, and the treatment group was treated with Xuebijing injection 50 mL, intravenously injected twice per day and rhubarb powder 10 g through stomach tube twice per day for 5 days. The clinical effect and levels of inflammatory factors before and after treatment of the two groups were observed. Results During 5 days of treatment, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 of the treatment group decreased continuously (P<0.05), while which of the control group increased continuously (P<0.05). CRP level of the two groups had no significant difference in the first day of treatment (P>0.05), but which of the treatment group was lower than the control group from the second day of treatment (P<0.05). The average hospital stay, ICU stay, 28 d mortality and APACHEⅡ score of the treatment group were better than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Xuebijing injection and rhubarb powder in addition to conventional treatment can relieve inflammatory response, effectively inhibit the generation and release of inflammatory mediators, improve the survival rate of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Objective To analyze serum amyloid protein A (SAA) subtype and amino acid mutation sequence of the renal biopsy specimens from patients with renal amyloidosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by laser microdissection combined with mass spectometry.Methods Kidney biopsy formalin-preserved paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimen slices were stained by Congo red,the positive areas of Congo red staining were selected by microdissection,after trypsin hydrolysis and filtration,peptide samples were subjected to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Analysis softwares were used to evaluate the results,and the patient's amino acid sequence of SAA protein was compared to mutant amino acid sequence reported by literature or deduced from mutant SAA gene to determine whether there was a variation.Results SAA1 and SAA2 proteins with high abundance were identified by mass spectrometry,serum amyloid P and apolipoprotein E were also detected.No variation of SAA1 and SAA2 protein was detected.Conclusions The SAA1 and SAA2 proteins in AA amyloidosis secondary to ASwere identified for the first time,which enriched the pathogenesis of amyloidosis secondary to AS and provided a new method for the accurate classification of AA amyloidosis.