Snake antivenomimmunoglobulins are considered to be the most efficient drugs in snake envenomings. Most snake antivenomimmunoglobulins all over the world are still prepared by fragmentation of polyclonal antibodies isolated from hyper-immunized horse serum till now. In this review, we retrospect the history of snake antivenomimmunoglobulins, analysis the present situation and pay the close attention on the key technological links in the process of research and manufacturing, such as properties of IgG and its fragments, selection and preparation of immunogen, optimization of immunization schedule and protein isolation and purification, which can be available for the reference in the research and development of snake antivenom.
Animals ; Antivenins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; pharmacology ; Snake Bites ; drug therapy ; Snakes

Objective:This study was aimed to investigate the influence of CDK7 siRNA on the sensitivity of endometrial carci-noma cell line HEC-1-A to cisplatin (DDP)-based chemotherapy. Methods:Different CDK7 siRNA fragments were synthesized based on the designs of the CDK gene sequence and were transfected into HEC-1-A. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reac-tion (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were employed to demonstrate the effects of transfection. The best CDK7 siRNA was chosen to specifically silence CDK7 expression in HEC-1-A.The sensitivity of the cells to DDP therapy before and after transfection was deter-mined by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometry, and Hoechst/PI double-staining fluorescence microsco-py. Results:A total of four different CDK7 siRNA segments were designed and successfully transfected into HEC-1-A cells. The inter-ference effect in each group was confirmed by real time RT-PCR and Western blot assays. CDK7-423 was determined as the best per-forming CDK7 siRNA (over 70%) to transfect into HEC-1-A cells. MTT cytotoxicity test showed that IC50 of DDP decreased to a range from 45.122 μg/mL and 3.200 μg/mL after inhibition of CDK7 expression. DDP toxicity to the endometrial carcinoma cells sig-nificantly increased (P<0.05). Flow cytometry revealed that the average cell apoptosis rate significantly increased after the inhibition of CDK7 expression (11.66%to 37.57%, P<0.05). Similar results were observed using Hoechst/PI double-staining fluorescence microsco-py, and the number of apoptotic corpuscle demonstrated an apparent increase in the low CDK7-expressing group compared with the pa-rental cells. Conclusion:After the downregulation of CDK7 expression by CDK7 siRNA transfection, DDP chemotherapy sensitivity and apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma cells significantly increased. Further research is anticipated on the use of CDK7 as a new treat-ment target for endometrial carcinoma.

0 05). It is suggested that: ①When foot brace fixed the femur at inward rotation of 0?, 15?and then 15? after moving body position, and ROI was near the neck, BMDs of the neck and the trochanter were not affected in either of the three positions, with femoral neck with highest BMD; ②When BMD value of the femoral Ward′s triangle is taken as the index, it is better to take the mean of 3～5 scannings at one position.

Objective To compare the protective effect of trehalose with that of sucrose in lyophilization of red blood cells. Methods Concentrated red blood cells and 30%PVP containing different concentrations (5% ,10% and 15%) of trehalose (or sucrose) were mixed at a ratio of 1 : 3, pre-frozen at - 80℃ for 1h.then lyophilized in freeze-dryer. After lyophilization, the samples were reconstituted and washed in 37℃ isotonic buffer. The experiment was divided into 3 groups: 30%PVP group,trehalose group (containing 5%, 10% and 15% trehalose) and sucrose group (containing 5% , 10% or 15% sucrose). Results After lyophilization and rehydration, the recovery of red blood cells in trehalose groups were (18.86 ?4.63) %, (21.73 ? 7.32) % and (18.01?4.53) % respectively and significantly lower than that of PVP group[(45.97+11.77)%](P

Objectives To maximize the survival of lyophilized red blood cells after reconstitution.Methods The colloidal and crystalloid osmotic pressures of seven reconstitution solutions,including 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES),5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMS),0.9%NaCl,0.75mol/L Glucose,isotonic buffer ,and hypertonic buffer (5?buffer),were measured. After washing and equilibrating,red blood cells were mixed with protective solution according to the ratio of 1∶3,then pre frozen at -80℃ for 1h,at last,samples were lyophilized in freeze dryer.After lyophilization,the samples were reconstituted in different reconstitution solutions and at different temperatures,the red blood cell recovery was measured.Results After lyophilization and reconstitution,the recovery of red blood cells in 6%HES,10%PVP,and 5%CMS were (93.65?6.18)%,(88.80?9.49)% and (91.34?8.13)%,respectively,and the recovery of hemoglobin were (93.48?4.67)%,(89.02?4.67)%,and (88.79?)5.35% respectively,significantly higher than those of the other groups[(15.56?12.02)%～(27.77?6.48)%,(17.78?10.80)%～(41.50?6.43)%] (P

0.05),including seven with spinal kyphosis,seven with thoracic deformity,five with pleural effusion,five with emphysema diagnosed by chest X-ray film,three with spontaneous pneumothorax,two with diaphragmatic hernia,and one developed severe respiratory failure and the other developed cot pulmonale.Conclusions The thorax,lungs and diaphragm were more easily involved in the patients with Marfan syndrome,and pulmonary specialists should keep an eye on them.

To explore an appropriate teaching model in medical computer science in China, this paper, based on the actual state of medical computer science,points out that PBL teaching model accords with our disciplinary goal in training medical education talents in medical university and discusses how PBL teaching model is applied to medical computer science.

Humans ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; methods ; Perioperative Care ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; nursing ; therapy

To investigate the effects of gensenoside Rg1 on expressions of phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and tau protein in Alzheimer's disease-like tau phosphorylation rat brain slices, and to explore the mechanisms of gensenoside Rg1 in inhibiting tau phosphorylation.

Objective To evaluate prognostic indicators in severe traumatic brain injury and intracania hamatomas with hernia and analyze which is the most important indicator.Methods Data of 84 cases with severe traumatic brain injury were retrospectively analyze .Age,GCS,pupil reflex,midline shift,compression of the cisteme,decompression time and complex injury were considered as possible prognostic indicators.SPSS13.0 was employed to analyze the data,Logistic regression(Forward conditional)analysis was done to confirm which are the most important prognostic indicators for severe traumatic brain injury and to evaluate the practical value in predicting prognosis(X2= 22.92,P＜ 0.01).Results 48 patients died and 36 survived.56(67%)patients had a bad prognosis(GCS≤3)and 28(33%)had a good prognosis(GCS ＞3).Those who had a shorter decompression time(≤3h)had a better prognosis than those who had a longer decompression time(＞3h),with the mortality rate of 11% and 67% respectively.Lesser cisteme compression predicts better outcome.GCS,pupil reflex,midline shift,and complex injury didn' t enter the logistic regression equation.According to compression time,90.5% of the cases' prognosis was accurately predicted,according to compression time and cisterne compression,95.2% was accurately predicted.Conclusion The mortality rate of severe traumatic brain injury with hernia was high and surgical intervention was effective.Decompression time and cisteme compression were the most important factors affecting prognosis in severe traumatic brain injury and they could predict prognosis of most cases correctly.